Effects of Air Pollution on the Lungs of Different Age Groups Kent E. Pinkerton, Ph.D. University of California, Davis

1. Effects of Air Pollution on the Lungs of Different Age Groups Kent E. Pinkerton, Ph.D. University of California, Davis Turkish Thoracic Society, 12th Annual Congress

2. Related Human Health Effects • Asthma • Chronic Pulmonary Disease (COPD) • Allergic Response • Airway Inflammation • Cardio/Pulmonary Failure • Age: Young, Adult, Senescent • Developmental Concerns

3. Effects of Ultrafine Soot and Iron Oxide Particles Based on AgeAdult versus Neonatal Rats

7. Characterization of Particulate Matter Iron Only -Fe2O3 10-50 nm particles Up to 200 nm agglomerates Iron-Soot -Fe2O3 10-50 nm particles Up to 1 m agglomerates No change in phase or nanoparticle size Change in agglomerate size! Change in chemistry in soot or nanoparticle surface? - EELS

8. Adult Rats

9. Glutathione Levels Bronchoalveolar Lavage Lung Homogenate P<0.01 compared to soot P<0.05. compared to iron

12. **p<0.01 when compared with soot + iron.

14. Terminal bronchioles (A, C, E) Alveolar parenchyma (B, D, F) Filtered air (A, B) Soot (C, D) Iron oxide and soot (E, F). Scale = 20m

15. Neonatal Rats

16. Glutathione in Lung Homogenate * P < 0.05, significant difference from control

17. Glutathione-S-transferase (GST) in Lung * P < 0.05, significant difference from control ** P < 0.01, significant difference from control

18. Total antioxidant power (FRAP) in Lung * P < 0.05, significant difference from control.

19. Pro-inflammatory Cytokines in Lung Homogenate ** P < 0.01, significant difference from control

20. Ferritin Levels in Neonatal Lung ** P <0.01 when compared with control.

21. Terminal Bronchiole-Alveolar Duct

22. Cell Proliferation

23. Terminal Bronchioles

24. Lung Parenchyma

25. Proximal Alveolar Region

26. Conclusions • Soot and iron oxide particles, products of combustion, cause acute respiratory effects in adult and neonatal animals. • Combined soot and iron oxide particles induce greater respiratory effects than iron alone or soot alone. • Oxidative stress is invoked in both the adult and neonatal lung. • Biological responses may be more significant in neonates than in adult animals.

27. Acknowlegments • Ian Kennedy Yamei Zhou • Valerie Leppert Caiyun Zhong • Ann Aust Xiaomu Zheng • Kevin Smith Steve Teague • GoSu Yang Dale Uyeminami

28. EELS (Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy) Energy Filtered Map of an Iron Oxide Nanoparticle from the Iron Oxide – Soot Sample The map shows less Fe oxidation at the surface L3 L3 L2 L2

29. EELS Analysis of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles • The phase and oxidation state of iron effect the biological activity of iron oxide • Is it possible that the soot has modified the surface chemistry of the iron oxide to make it more reactive with the lungs?

36. We Know Air Pollution Causes Health Effects Based on Epidemiological Studies • Statistical Tools Look at Human Populations High Degree of Consistencyand Coherence Among Studies • Effects are seen Worldwide

39. P<0.01 compared with FA (control)

40. P<0.05; P<0.01 compared with soot P<0.05; P<0.01 compared with soot + iron