徳川 日本 EDO JAPAN: 1603-1868 TOKUGAWA SHOGUNATE

1. 徳川日本 EDO JAPAN: 1603-1868 TOKUGAWA SHOGUNATE

2. Early Modern Japan 1603-1854 Also known as… Edo Period Tokugawa Period

3. WHY IS TOKUGAWA IMPORTANT? • Brought an end to hundred+ years of fighting and civil war between daimyos. • Creation of a centralized state, national system • Isolated Japan (that does NOT mean no change or no new ideas or contact) • Critical transition from “feudal” to “pre-modern” society and economy. • Creates conditions that enable Japan to modernize so rapidly in Meiji period (1868-1911).

4. Before Tokugawa, Japan warring states of daimyo (noble) warlords

5. Hundreds of separate Daimyo estates

6. Each with their own samurais for battle and farmers for food Feudal & decentralized

7. Portugese bring guns, goods and religion in mid-1500s. • Christians killed and foreigners expelled by 1630s

8. Francis Xavier Jesuit missionary Brings Christianity to Japan 1542 17th century Japanese Bible

9. Tokugawa Ieyasu Grasps power after a decisive battle at Sekigahara in 1600. By 1603, Ieyasu is granted the title of shogun by the emperor and establishes the Tokugawa shogunate

10. Tokugawa changes • Economic activity (Money economy) • Growth of cities • Rise of merchant class • Productivity of agriculture • Flourishing of art

11. Tokugawa Strategy: MAINTAIN ORDER 1. Order in Politics -alternate attendance system (control daimyo) -control over samurai 2. Order in Society -rigid class system -restrict travel 3. Order in International Relations -isolationism (not complete, primarily from Western influence

12. Capital city moves to Edo (modern-day Tokyo)

13. Tokugawa Strategies • Maintain Order in Politics • * collect weapons • * renew loyalty oath w/ new shogun • * all marriages approved by Tokugawa • * alternate attendance and hostage system

14. Hideyoshi’s Sword Hunt Collects swords from all members of the population except samurai, who now have the sole right to carry them.

15. Alternate attendance system (sankin kotai) 参勤交代 Families in Edo; daimyos travel back/forth every 2 years

16. 参勤交代 Impacts of sankin kotai (alternate attendance system): Suppressed possibility of rebellion (wives, children of daimyo remain in Edo as hostages) Economic costs of travel on daimyo ensured lack of funds for rebel armies

17. Tokugawa Strategy: 2. Maintain Order in Society -rigid class system -new roles for samurai -permission to travel

18. Tokugawa Strategy: 2. Maintain Order in Society -rigid class system -restrict travel RIGID SOCIAL STRUCTURE

19. Confucianism: System to promote stability 1. Reverence for past 2. Maintaining proper place in an unchanging hierarchy 3. Social hierarchy based on contributions to good of society

20. 侍 Samurai: • Literally, “one who serves” • 7-8% of the total population • Bound by code of ethics known as bushido • Special rights: • dai-sho大小two swords (large and small) • kirisute-gomen 切捨て御免right to cut down/ kill offending commoners without punishment seppuku切腹 right to ritual suicide (self-evisceration)

21. New social roles for samurai during the great Tokugawa peace • Teachers • Poets, scholars, writers • Buddhist monks • Government posts -- civil administration • Others: grew poor, became bandits • ULTIMATELY LOST INFLUENCE

22. EDUCATION INCREASED:Tokugawa-era commoner school (terakoya) for girls

23. Farmers & Peasants: • More than 80% of total population • Taxed 40-50% of the crops they produced. • Forbidden access to all recreation and games other than local festivals. • Provide labor for public works (roads, bridges, etc.)

24. Rise of Castle Towns: • Townspeople and Merchants: • Townsperson culture • Laws stating what they could wear, where they could live, size of home, etc. • Major commercial centers emerge. • Osaka -- sake, soy sauce, cloth, paper, iron. Kyoto - textiles, pottery. • Trade along the Tokaido Road

25. Bookstore in Edo

26. Travel

27. Utagawa print: 53 stations of the Tokaido Road: Barrier station • Travel

28. Travel

29. Tōkaidō road

30. Rise of Merchants: Money to be loaned to samurai and daimyos Urban culture Provide goods and entertainment

31. Rise of Merchants: Money to be loaned to samurai and daimyos Urban culture Provide goods and entertainment

32. Outcastes or • “non-persons” • The “invisible” class of outcastes (butchers, leather tanners, etc). • Forced to live in designated districts of Edo. • Called non-persons非人 • Often worked as entertainers. 1873 photograph by Shinichi Suzuki depicting leather workers (tanners). One man scrapes the hide of a slaughtered deer, while another seems to be discussing a piece of finished cat. On the right stands a young man with a load of animal skin.

33. Traveling Book and Print Salesman

34. Entertainments • kabuki • sumo • Yoshiwara pleasure districts

35. Yoshiwara pleasure district

37. Hiroshige, “Crowds in the Theater Quarter” from 100 Famous Views ofEdo, 1848-1858.

38. Kabuki

39. Woodblock print of a kabuki actor

40. Bunraku puppet theater

41. Tokugawa Strategy: 2. Maintain Order in International relations -isolationism -1 Dutch ship/ year for goods, trade

43. Changes by the 1800s…. • Dissatisfaction with Tokugawa rule • Arrival of Commodore Perry and Black Ships