Legend

1. Legend -White background is for Teacher to see as instructions. -Blue back ground is for the Student to see

2. My presentation is more gear toward upper level high school physics student (i.e. Physics 11, Physics 12 and Physics 12 AP).

3. Materials needed for the demonstrations Materials needed for the construction of the demos • Pliers • Sand paper • Glue gun Materials needed for the demos. Instructions will be given in later slides • #1 Cathode ray tube demo • Cathode ray tube set • #3 Ferromagnetic levitation • borrow a levitation device from a year 2 • Mechanical Engineering 2006 friend • #2 Battery demo • 9V battery • thin copper wires • rubber band • a neodymium magnet • (order online @ www.grand-illusions.com/toyshop or ebay) • #4 Diamagnetic levitation • 4 neodymium magnets • a piece of pyrolytic carbon • #5 Maglev train • Strong magnetic strips • thin plexiglass • the support track

4. Electromagnetism University of British Columbia Physics 420 By: Jason Cheung

5. What is a Field? • A region of space characterized by a physical property having a determinable value at every point in the region • Examples: gravitational field, Electric field ,and magnetic field

6. Explanation of Field (#1) (for slide 5) • This means if we put anything appropriate in a field, we can then calculate “something” out of that field • Before going further with Electric field and Magnetic field, mention there are something called the Electric and Magnetic field. Use gravitational field as a start, because G-field the most easy to understand • Link Electric field and Magnetic field after explaining the Gravitational field

7. Gravitational Field • Defined as A = acceleration G = gravitational constant r = distance to the center of the big object m = mass of big object

9. Explanation of Field (#2)(for slide 8) • If we put Bob in the gravitational field, we can calculate the Force acting on him by the Earth. He will follow the gravitational field lines and fall to the surface of the Earth. • Essentially, if we put anything that has a mass in the Gravitational field, we can calculate that “something” I mentioned before. That “something” is the “gravitational force” in this case. • Emphasize that we determine different kinds of force with different kinds of field. This can bridge to Electric and Magnetic Field on following slides.

10. Electric field is defined as the electric force per unit Charge It is the surrounding charges that create an electric field Electric Field E = Electric Field F = Electric Force q = Charge E is measure in Force/Coulomb

11. Explanation of Electric Field (E-field) (for slide 10) #0 Explain what is a charge, q - They should have enough Physics to know what is a +/- charge is - Opposite charges attract each other and Like charges repel each other #1 Explain E is defined as F/q - If we put a +/- (positive or negative) charge in a electric field, the +/- charge will experience a force. This force is called “Electric Force” - (IMPORTANT!!) Recall from G-field. G-field requires an object with a MASS to have a force. E-field requires a +/- charge to have a force #2 How do you draw the E-field lines with different charges? - Electric field lines always comes out of the positive charge into the negative charge - Negative charge always absorb the E-field lines

12. Explanation of Electric Field (E-field) (for slide 10) #3 What direction is the electric force? - The direction of the Electric force is parallel to the electric field. - Look at the POINT P on the diagram on slide 10. The arrow in the diagram represents the direction of the electric force Q: What is the charge, positive or negative, if the direction of the force is pointing outward like in the diagram on slide 10 A: Positive because it is point away from the stationary positive charge Q: What is the charge, if the direction of the force on the diagram switched?? A: Negative charge

14. Cathode Ray Tube Demo (CRT) Instruction and explanation for the CRT Demo #1 Turn on the Power supply and Electric plate controller, and wait and calibrate the electrons to the center of the screen #2 Adjust the electric plate by turning the X knob or the Y knob. This is to demonstrate that the electric plate can control where the electron will hit on the screen. Questions and Fun facts Q: What do you think is the application of a CRT and what do the electric plates do in the CRT? A: Our “OLD” TV (before LCD and Plasma) use this technique to view images on our TV!

15. Magnetic Field • Magnetic field is a field that exerts a force on a moving charge • A magnetic field can be caused either by another moving charge or by a changing of electric field or magnetic dipoles of materials

16. Explanation of Magnetic field(for slide 15) • In order to have a magnetic force, we need a moving +/- charge. • Magnetic field lines come out of N and go into S (see diagram on slide 15) • Emphasize the 3 components to produce a magnetic field #1 Moving +/- charge #2 Changing of E-field #3 Dipole of material (see diagram to explain)

17. Magnetic Field is measure in Tesla A simple formula to calculate Magnetic Field B = magnetic field F = Magnetic Force Q = charge V = velocity of the moving charge

18. Explanation of Magnetic field con’t(for slide 15) • The unit of Tesla is a very SMALL unit - Earth magnetic field has around 10^(-5) Tesla - A very good Ferromagnet has around 0.5 to 1 Tesla • It is very hard to make material that has a very strong magnetic field, and I will explain it in more detail later • Since I am doing a qualitative study on magnetism, I just gave them one of the most basic equation for magnetic force - Emphasize on the CROSS PRODUCT, it is not treated as a times operator. Velocity of a +/- charge needs to be 90 degree to the magnetic field in order to have a magnetic force

19. Step two: tie the ears onto the battery with rubber band Construction of Battery demo • Material needed • copper loop • 9V battery • rubber band • copper ears x2 Copper loop 9V battery Copper ears Rubber band Step three: put the copper loop through the holes on the copper ears Step one: pinch the cooper ears onto the battery Finish product

20. Video of battery demo Show Battery Demo video under “Videos”

21. Battery Demo Instruction of how to use the battery demo #1 Set up device as above #2 Bring the neodymium magnet close to the loop #3 Give a kick start for the loop by flicking it Things to tell the students - Without the magnetic field, the loop will no move - It is due to torque provided by the magnetic force so that the loop will go round and round

22. Extra interesting topic for the battery demo • Q: What is going on with the battery? • Answer: The permanent magnets exert forces on the electrical currents flowing through the loop of wire. When the loop of wire is in a vertical plane, the forces on the top and bottom wires of the loop will be in opposite directions. These oppositely directed forces produce a twisting force, or torque, on the loop of wire that will make it turn. Why is it so important to sand half of one projecting wire? Suppose that the permanent magnets are mounted with their north poles facing upward. The north pole of the permanent magnet will repel the north pole of the loop electromagnet and attract the south pole. But once the south pole of the loop electromagnet was next to the north pole of the permanent magnet, it would stay there. Any push on the loop would merely set it rocking about this equilibrium position. By sanding half of one end of the wire, you prevent current from flowing for half of each spin. The magnetic field of the loop electromagnet is turned off for that half-spin. As the south pole of the loop electromagnet comes closest to the permanent magnet, the un-sanded wire turns off the electric current. The inertia of the rotating coil carries it through half of a turn, past the insulating paint. When the electric current starts to flow again, the twisting force is in the same direction as it was before. The coil continues to rotate in the same direction.

23. Charge moving in a magnetic field obeys the Right Hand Rule • There are two types of RHR • Right Hand Rule #1 • Right Hand Rule #2

24. Right Hand Rule 1 • The thumb represents the velocity of which the charge is going • The remaining fingers tell you the direction of the magnetic field • example:

25. Right Hand Rule 2 • I = direction of the charge • B = direction of the Magnetic Field • F = Force act on the charge • Palm Push Positive (*Remember!!)

27. Slide 22 • The two diagrams show the path of a moving electron in a magnetic field • Use RHR #2 to verify the path of the electrons in the diagrams are correct

28. Right Hand Rule Question • Put a Ferro magnet (N or S) close the turned on CRT from the side. • Note that the electron beam will either go upward or downward Q: What is the magnetic field (N or S) on the side facing the CRT? A: It depends on which side I put my magnet close to the CRT, but I just used RHR #2 to identified the N or S field on the Ferro magnet

29. What is magnetism? Magnetism is one of the phenomena by which materials exert an attractive or repulsive force on other materials. What causes magnetism in material? It is the unpaired electrons in the electron orbit cause magnetism Magnetism example of pair and unpaired: N is unpaired, O is paired (one of them)

30. Remember SPDF?? (Chem 11) • Electrons fall into electron shell according to Hund’s rule. • Examples

31. Explanation of Magnetism (for slide 29 and 30) • #1 Explain what are paired and unpaired electrons • #2 Recall their Chemistry 11, SPDF, electron orbital - Using Hund’s rules and Pauli Exclusion Principle to place electrons into electron orbital - Practice placing electrons into their orbital using the diagram on slide 30

32. Nitrogen -Electrons -Protons and Neutrons 1s2 2p3 2s2 Right Electron Configuration of Nitrogen Wrong Wrong

33. Explanation of Magnetism (for slide 32) • Exercise using Hund’s rule -use Nitrogen as an example: the first electron configuration is right and the second and third examples of the electron configuration is wrong

34. 1.Ferromagnetic 2.Paramagnetic 3.Diamagnetic 4.Ferrimagnetic (Not going to cover) There are four types of magnetism

35. (for slide 34) • Tell students that Ferrimagnetism is too hard to understand. They need some university level of Physics in order to understand it

36. Magnetism is Measure in Magnetic Susceptibility (χm) The more susceptibility of a material has, the more magnetic property it processes

37. Explanation of Magnetic Susceptibility (for slide 36) • Magnetic Susceptibility is to measure the magnetic property of a material Q: What is the differences between some of the materials in the chart in slide 36? A: They split off into three groups: #1 negative value with small Magnetic Susceptibility #2 positive value with small Magnetic Susceptibility #3 positive value with relatively big Magnetic Susceptibility compare to above #1 and #2 #4 0 Magnetic Susceptibility for Vacuum because vacuum does not contain any material

38. Ferromagnetic • Any material that possess magnetization WITHOUT an external magnetic field is ferromagnetic • large and positive susceptibility • Examples of ferromagnetic materials • Iron (Fe) • Susceptibility = 200 • Cobalt (Co) • Susceptibility = 70

39. Explanation of Ferromagnetic(for slide 38) • Explain what is an external field - example: current running through a solenoid • They do not need an external field because these material produce their own magnetic field. Some ferromagnetic material does not produce their own magnetic field because the domain inside of the material do not align, which I will explain in slide 42.

40. Iron electron configuration Fe: 1s2,2s2,2p6,3s2,3p6,4s2,3d6 Ar: 1s2,2s2,2p6,3s2,3p6 = [Ar] “Core” Fe: [Ar],4s2,3d6 [Ar] -The electrons seems to align spontaneously -Pure quantum mechanics effect

41. Explanation of Iron (for slide 40) • Another exercise to fill in the electrons in the electron orbital of Iron. • Discuss that there are four unpaired electrons in the 3d orbital #1 This is one of the reasons why Iron can produce its magnetic field #2 The electrons seems to align spontaneously due to Quantum Mechanics effects

42. Why are some Ferromagnetic doesn’t attract one another? • Has to do with the magnetic domain of the material

43. Explanation of domains of material(for slide 42) • Diagram on the left shows the domains of the material do not align. This causes the magnetic field of the material cancel each other, therefore it cannot produce its own magnetic field • Diagram on the right shows the domains of the material do align. Therefore, it can produce a magnetic field on its own

44. Ferromagnetic material demo • Material needed - neodymium magnet - couple of paper clips • Instructions #1 Show them the paper clips do not attract to any material even though they are ferromagnetic (domains are not align). #2 Attract one of the paper clip to the neodymium magnet #3 use the paper clip that is on the neodymium magnet to attract another paper clip Q: How come it attracts now? A: The neodymium magnet help align the domain in the paper clip #4 Gently remove the neodymium magnet and show that the paper clip can still attract to each other Q: Why? A: It stays align until you pull them away

45. Paramagnetic • Any material that possess magnetization (i.e. attraction with other magnetized material) WITH an external magnetic field is paramagnetic • small and positive susceptibility • Examples of paramagnetic materials Aluminum Al Susceptibility = 2.2*10-5 Platinum Pt

46. Paramagnetic material demo(for slide 45) • Try to attract an aluminum can with a neodymium magnet. It cannot Q: Why? A: It is because of the Magnetic Susceptibility of paramagnetic materials are too weak compared to Ferromagnetic

47. Aluminum electron configuration [Ne].3s2.3p1 What is the differences between the two?! Compare to Iron (Fe) [Ar] Fe: [Ar],4s2,3d6 the dipoles do not interact with one another and are randomly oriented in the absence of an external field due to thermal agitation, resulting in zero net magnetic moment

48. Paramagnetic and Ferromagnetic Demo (magnets and levitation) Instructions of how to use the levitation device #1 Set up the device #2 Place orange stud with the magnet side facing away from the solenoid #3 Place the stud so you can feel the solenoid is attracting the stud #4 Gently remove your hand so the device and do its work Explanation of how it works - solenoid provide the magnetic field, so the magnet will attract upward (para and ferromagnetic property). - detector in the bottom is to sense if the stud is moving up or down. If it moves too high, the detector will cut the current so the stud will come back down by gravity. If it moves too low, the detector will send current in the solenoid to generate a magnetic field, so the stud will go up again by the attraction between the magnet and magnetic field

49. Video of ferromagnetic levitation Show Ferromagnetic levitation video under “Videos”

50. Diamagnetic • very weak and negative susceptibility to magnetic fields. • Negative susceptibility = repel against magnetic fields (diamagnetism) • Positive susceptibility = attract to magnetic fields (para + ferromagnetism)