The Cold War: A World Divided

1. The Cold War:A World Divided

2. Yalta Conference • Relationship b/w U.S. & Soviet Union was shaky before WWII even ended • U.S. was upset Stalin signed non-aggression pact • Stalin blamed Allies for not invading sooner • Yalta Conference-February 1945 • Churchill, FDR, Stalin agree to: • decide to divide Germany into zones of occupation controlled by military forces (American, Soviet, British, French) • Germany to pay war reparations to Soviet Union • Soviet Union to join war against Japan • Stalin promises Eastern Europeans would have free elections

3. United Nations • 1946 United Nations is created, headquarters NYC • 50 countries join international organization to protect members from war • Security Council: 11 rotating members, 5 permanent (U.S., Britain, France, Soviet Union, China) have veto power

4. U.S. GOALS • WWII-U.S. lost 400,000, cities were not damaged, richest & most powerful • Encourage democracy • Rebuild European gov’ts to bring stability & new markets for American goods $$$ • Reunite & stabilize Germany, make Europe more secure • Gain raw materials

5. Soviet GOALS • WWII-Soviet Union lost 20 million (1 in 4 Soviets were killed/wounded), cities destroyed • Encourage communism (promote worldwide workers’ revolution) • Rebuild the economy destroyed by war using Eastern European industry & raw materials • Control Eastern Europe to protect Soviet borders & balance out the U.S. influence in Western Europe • Keep Germany divided to prevent it from ever starting another war

6. IRON CURTAIN • Represents Europe’s division into Democratic Western Europe & Communist Eastern Europe • Russians were tired of being invaded (centuries of invasion-Poles, Swedes, Napoleon, Germany twice) • Create buffer (wall of protection) along Russia’s western border • turns those countries communist (Poland, Romania, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, Albania) • Potsdam Conference- 1945 Truman, Stalin, Churchill • Stalin refuses to allow free elections, says communism & capitalism cannot exist in same world • Germany is divided in half-east & west at Berlin

7. A peep under the iron curtain

8. Containment & Truman Doctrine • Containment • U.S. policy to stop Soviet influence & communism from expanding • Form alliances and help weak countries resist communism • Truman Doctrine • Truman announces the U.S. will give economic & military aid for countries to resist communism • Controversial…should U.S. interfere in the affairs of other countries? • $400 million to Greece & Turkey

9. Marshall Plan • Western Europe in ruins after WWII • Not enough jobs or food • U.S. Secretary of State George Marshall proposed an assistance program • Provide food, machines, materials to rebuild Western Europe • Huge success

10. U.S. gave $12 billion in aid to European countries to improve the economies

11. Focus on Berlin • After World War II, Germany was divided into four zones, occupied by French, British, American, and Soviet troops. Occupation zones after 1945. Berlin is the multinational area within the Soviet zone.

12. Soviet blockade: East Berlin West Berlin East Germany West Germany · In June of 1948, the French, British and American zones were joined into the nation of West Germany after the Soviets refused to end their occupation of Germany.

13. Berlin Airlift • Berlin Airlift • 1948 U.S., Britain, France decide to withdraw troops from Germany • Soviet Union wanted Germany kept weak & divided • responded by taking West Berlin hostage • city faced starvation • Allies flew food & supplies into West Berlin for 11 months

14. Germany remains divided: · In May of 1949, Joseph Stalin of the Soviet Union ended the blockade. · The Soviet zone of Germany, including East Berlin, became known as the nation of East Germany. October, 1949

15. What is a Cold War? • Cold War • Struggle over political differences carried on without using war • Lasted over 40 yrs b/w U.S. & Soviet Union • NATO=North Atlantic Treaty Organization 1949 • 10 Western European countries joined U.S. & Canada to form military alliance • Attack on any NATO member is an attack on all

16. Warsaw Pact • Warsaw Pact 1955 • Formed as response to NATO • Alliance of Soviet Union, East Germany, Czechoslovakia, Poland, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, Albania • Built Berlin Wall to separate East & West Berlin • Symbol of the world divided

17. The Korean War 1950-1953 • At end of WWII, Japanese troops surrendered • 38th parallel line Korea is split into 2 nations • North Korea communist, supported by Soviets • South Korea democratic, supported by West • Soviets supply NKorea w/ tanks, airplanes, $$$ to take over entire peninsula • Truman’s policy of containment is put to the test

18. Invasion • June 25, 1950 North Korea invades South Korea • Takes over entire peninsula except Pusan (p543) • UN sends in international peacekeeping forces to help South Korea (soldiers from 15 nations, 80% U.S.) • Leader: General Douglas MacArthur

19. Here comes China • Sept. 1950 MacArthur leads UN invasion of Korea • Pushes NKoreans back to Chinese border • Chinese feel threatened & sends in 300,000 troops • Push UN & SKorean troops out of NKorea & capture Seoul (capital South Korea) • MacArthur calls for nuclear attack against China • Truman sees this as reckless • “We are trying to prevent a world war, not start one.” • MacArthur won’t let up & is removed • 1953 UN regains control of SKorea

20. Aftermath of Korean War • July 1953 UN & NKorean forces sign ceasefire, agree to border at 38th parallel (same as before war) • 4 million soldiers & civilians dead • N&S Korea still divided today • Communist NKorea established collective farms, build up military • Kim Jong Il built up nuclear weapons, serious economic problems • South Korea prospered (w/ U.S. help) • Huge foreign trade & economic growth

21. The Nuclear Threat • U.S. had atomic bombs • 1949 Soviet Union exploded its own atomic weapon • 1950 Truman responded by working on Hydrogen Bomb (thousands xs stronger than a-bomb) • 1952 U.S. tests H-Bomb • 1953 Soviets test H-Bomb • “brinkmanship-”willingness to go to the brink (edge) of war (retaliate for any attack) • Need nuclear weapons & planes to carry out • CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS=brinkmanship

22. The World is Divided • 1st world=United States & allies • 2nd world=Soviet Union & allies • 3rd world=developing nations, not aligned with either • Located in Latin America, Africa, Asia • Poor, politically unstable (colonialism)

23. Fidel Castro’s Cuba • 1950s Cuba backed by U.S., unpopular dictator • Fidel Castro leads revolution & becomes dictator • Suspends elections, jails & executes opponents, controls media, took over economy • Turns to Soviet Union more economic & military aid • U.S. tries to invade Cuba (Bay of Pigs)…disaster • Soviets respond by placing nuclear missiles in Cuba (90 miles from U.S.) • Read The Cuban Missile Crisis & answer questions

24. Major Strategies • Foreign Aid • Both superpowers gave $ to countries to influence & win allies • Propaganda • Both used to win support • Espionage • Spies were sent into both sides, U-2 spy planes, etc. • Brinkmanship • Going to the brink of war to get the other to back down • Ex: Cuban Missile Crisis • Alliances • NATO, Warsaw Pact • Surrogate (substitute) Wars • Korea, Vietnam

25. Uprisings in Poland, Hungary, & Czechoslovakia • Hungary • 1956 anti-communist revolt, new gov’t & leader • Soviet troops crush uprising & execute leader (Nagy) • Czechoslovakia • 1968 communist leader Dubcek begins reforms during “Prague Spring” • End censorship, allow criticism of gov’t • Soviets invade country, reverse reforms, kick him out of party

26. Détente & SALT • Détente: lessening of Cold War tensions • After Vietnam War, U.S. backed away from direct confrontation w/ Soviet Union • President visits China & Soviet Union • SALT=Strategic Arms Limitation Talks • Nixon & Soviet leader Brezhnev sign treaty limiting the number of missiles in both countries • Falls apart during late 1970s-1980s under Carter & Reagan