True

1. True • True or False: The participants in Philip Zimbardo’s prison study became so involved in their role-playing that the study had to be discontinued.

2. Foot-in-the-door technique • When a salesperson visits your home and asks you to try a free sample of a cleaning fluid, you agree. When he returns the following week and asks you to purchase an assortment of expensive cleaning products, you make the purchase. The salesperson appears to have made effective use of what phenomenon?

3. Just-world phenomenon • Jimmy’s belief that most unemployed people are to blame for their own misfortune best illustrates a potential consequence of what psychological phenomenon?

4. Physical appearance • What most impacts our first impressions of other people?

5. Chameleon effect • If a cluster of people stand gazing upward, passersby will often pause to do likewise. This best illustrates what psychological phenomenon?

6. Conformity • Solomon Asch asked people to identify which of three comparison lines was identical to a standard line. His research was designed to study what psychological phenomenon?

7. Disposition • Carissa insists that her boyfriend’s car accident resulted from his carelessness. According to attribution theory, her explanation for the accident attributes his behavior to what?

8. True • True or False: Milgram’s study showed that even ordinary people, who are not usually hostile, can become agents of destruction.

9. They will be even more convinced the death penalty should be abolished • Individuals who believe that the death penalty should be abolished meet to discuss the issue. Research on group interaction suggests that what will happen to the individuals’ opinions after discussing them with each other.

10. Solving a crossword puzzle • On which of the following tasks would the presence of observers be LEAST likely to lead to better and faster performance: raking leaves, washing dishes, bicycle racing, reciting the alphabet, solving a crossword puzzle

11. Social loafing • Blindfolded subjects were observed to clap louder when they thought they were clapping alone than when they thought they were clapping with others. This best illustrates what psychological phenomenon?

12. Ingroup bias • Six-year-old Ezra believes boys are better than girls, while 5-year-old Arlette believes girls are better than boys. What phenomenon do their beliefs most clearly illustrate?

13. Altruism • The murder of Kitty Genovese stimulated social psychological research on what?

14. The situation • Caitlin concluded that her husband was late for dinner because he was caught in heavy traffic. To what has Caitlin attributed her husband’s tardiness?

15. How we think about, influence and relate to each other • Social psychology is defined in terms of what three things?

16. Groupthink • A business leader who welcomes a variety of opinions from subordinates and invites experts’ critiques of her company’s developing plans is most likely to inhibit what?

17. Tom • Felipe is very talkative, intelligent, assertive and politically conservative. Research suggests that he would be most likely to develop a close friendship with who: • Tom, who is talkative and assertive • Thor, who is quiet and passive • Calvin, who is politically liberal and talkative • Fabio, who is talkative but insecure

18. Implicit prejudice • In one experiment, White respondents typically took longer to identify words such as paradise as “good” when the words were associated with Black-sounding names rather than White-sounding names. This best illustrates what type of prejudice?

19. Cognitive dissonance • During a test, Abe impulsively copied several answers from a nearby student’s paper. He felt very uncomfortable about having done this until he convinced himself that copying answers is not wrong if classmates are careless enough to expose their test sheets. Which theory best explains why Abe adopted this new attitude?

20. Administer a “shock” to another person • What were participants in Stanley Milgram’s experiments ordered to do?

21. Scapegoat theory • Following 9/11, some outraged people lashed out at innocent Arab-Americans. This venting of hostility can best be explained in terms of what theory?

22. The other-race effect • The tendency to recall faces of one’s own race more accurately than faces of other races is called what?

23. Deindividuation • When New York University women were dressed in Ku Klux Klan-style hoods, they demonstrated significantly more aggression. This finding is best explained in terms of what psychological phenomenon?

24. We explain others’ behavior in terms of disposition and our own in terms of situation • According to the fundamental attribution error, how does our explanation of strangers’ behavior differ from that of our own behavior?

25. Mere-exposure effect • When Mitch first heard the hit song, “Gotta Love It,” he wasn’t at all sure he liked it. The more often he heard it played, however, the more he enjoyed it. Mitch’s reaction illustrates what phenomenon?

26. Social facilitation • Kevin Durant made 71% of his free throw shots when alone, but he made 80% when he was watched by his teammates. What psychological phenomenon does this illustrate?

27. False • True or False: Opposites attract.

28. The bystander effect • People are less likely to give aid if an emergency occurs in the presence of many observers. This is known as what?

29. List three conditions under which obedience was highest in Milgram’s studies.

30. Person giving orders was close by and perceived to be a legit authority figure. • Authority was from a prestigious institution. • Victim was depersonalized or at a distance. • There were no role models for defiance.

31. Identify four circumstances in which a person is most likely to offer help during an emergency.

32. Person appears to need and deserve help. • Person is in some way like us. • We have just observed someone else being helpful. • We aren’t in a hurry. • We are in a small town/rural area. • We are feeling guilty. • We aren’t preoccupied. • We are in a good mood.

33. Give three ways in which a group can negatively influence an individual’s behavior.

34. Social facilitation (if you’re bad at something) • Social loafing • Deindividuation • Group polarization • Groupthink