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Review of photo-sensor R&D for future water Cherenkov detectors NNN10 Dec 15 2010

Review of photo-sensor R&D for future water Cherenkov detectors NNN10 Dec 15 2010. Hiroyuki Sekiya ICRR, University of Tokyo Special Thanks T. Abe F. Tokanai , & T. Sumiyoshi Hamamatsu Photonics. 1. Contents/Disclaimer. Many activities aiming for larger/lower cost/mass-production

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Review of photo-sensor R&D for future water Cherenkov detectors NNN10 Dec 15 2010

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  1. Review of photo-sensor R&D for future water Cherenkov detectorsNNN10 Dec 15 2010 Hiroyuki Sekiya ICRR, University of Tokyo Special Thanks T. Abe F.Tokanai, & T. Sumiyoshi Hamamatsu Photonics 1

  2. Contents/Disclaimer • Many activities aiming for larger/lower cost/mass-production • Quick review of only below technologies • Super Bi-Alkali /Ultra Bi-Alkali • Hybrid Photo-Detector • Gas Photo-Multiplier • Micro-PMT 2

  3. Do we need R&D? 3 R3600-05 (The 20 inch PMT) is excellent. It provided reliable detectors and actual results. To keep the production quality of R3600-05, continues order to Hamamatsu is the best way. We had better order 100,000 R3600-05s as soon as possible in order to get next generation water Cherenkov detectors within several years.

  4. Why do we R&D? 4 • Because we want better photon sensors with lower price in short delivery date! • The key motivation is COST. • Some strategies to reduce cost • Fewer detector with better QE • Larger photo-coverage with cheaper sensors • Simple structure for short time/mass production • etc.

  5. Pessimistic conclusion 5 Largest sensors cannot be applied to commercial market. Hamamatsu knows… Novel prize does not help their sales. Hamamatsu knows… After all, R3600-05 did not bring so much benefits to Hamamatsu. If we develop new sensors with them, cost/area may not decrease. It’s completely up to them. However, actually, they are always willing to develop new sensors with us and they are excellent.

  6. Super Bi-Alkali/Ultra Bi-Alkali 6

  7. Definition: SBA/UBA vacuum level Reflection loss Loss in the PC electron affinity Excitation efficiency work function Extraction efficiency band gap γ:hν Fermi level ν: frequency of the photon R: reflection coefficient k: total absorption coefficient Pν: excitation probability to vacuum level L: average deviating distance of the excited e- Ps: extraction probability from the surface valence band SBA : reduction of the losses UBA : enhancement of the efficiencies 7 Quantum efficiency

  8. 5’’ SBA PMT is available → 8 • So far, UBA is available only for metal package PMTs • “transfer” technology is required. • PC is made separately from the tube and assembled • Not cheaper at all.

  9. Hybrid Photo-Detector(HPD) Engine TOYOTA PRIUS motor 13’’ HPD Photo tube (cathode) APD Hamamatsu HPD 9 • Hybrid car • Ex) Engine + Motor • Hybrid photo sensor • Ex) Photo tube + Semiconductor • Hybrid gain: Bombardment + Avalanche

  10. HPD -operation principle- Dynode ×107 • HPD APD × 4500@20kV Total hybrid gain ×105 × 30 10 PMT

  11. Concern? • APD high dark current? P.E. collection efficiency reaches more than 95% (PMT: 70%) No increase in dark current after 1000h operation at 4mA Radiation hard. 11 20kV too high voltage?

  12. Better than PMTs 12 This implies HPD is not cheaper than PMT. We should not require everything to realize low cost??

  13. More Hybrid may reduce total cost 13 HPD+Electronics(A/D)+HV

  14. Performance of the Hybrid HPD • Digital output 1 p.e. 0 p.e. 1p.e. 2 p.e. 2 p.e. 3 p.e.? 14 Analogue output

  15. 8’’ and 13’’ HPDs available in 2012 15 Hamamatsu will release in 2012

  16. F. Sauli Michigan University, Ann Arbor - May 23, 2002 Gas Photo-Multiplier(GPM) LARGE MWPC 16 A kind of Hybrid detectors Electron multiplication by gaseous avalanche. If combined with photocathode, very large flat-panel detectors can be realized withmuch lower cost/area. A weak point → Strategy of “Do not require everything”

  17. GPM –operation principle- TRANSMISSIVE PC photocathode REFLECTIVE PC Gas avalanche Combination of MPGDs Multi-stage amplification Total gain ×105 Possible High QE High resolution imaging 17 Photocathode + Micro Pattern Gas Detectors

  18. Large Area MPGDs Rui de Oliveira MPGD2009 Micromegas with readout Kapton-GEM foil 100cmx30cm@CERN 150cmx50cm for T2K? TPC Mesh 18 Very active R&D and actually in use!

  19. Large Area MPGDs in Japan μ-PIC with readout LCP-GEM foil 31cmx28cm@Kyoto 30cmx30cm for NEWAGE (Dark Matter Search) 19 Very active R&D and actually in use!

  20. MPGD2011 will be held in Kobe Aug 29 – Sep 1 2011 Followed by RD51 collaboration meeting (Non-EU hosts for the first time) International organizing committee: A.Cardini (INFN Cagliari), K.Desch (U.Bonn), ThGeralis (Demokritos Athens), I.Giomataris (CEA Saclay), T.Kawamoto (ICEPP Tokyo), A.Ochi (Kobe Univ), V.Polychronakos (BNL), A.Sharma (CERN), S.Uno (KEK), A.White (U.Texas Arlington), J.Wotschack (CERN), Z.Zhao (USTC China) Local organizing committee: J.Haba (KEK), H.Hamagaki (CNS), T.Kawamoto (ICEPP), A.Ochi (Kobe Univ.), H.Sekiya (ICRR), A.Sugiyama (Saga Univ.), A.Taketani (RIKEN), T.Tamagawa (RIKEN), T.Tanimori (Kyoto Univ.), S.Uno (KEK) 20 2nd International workshop on MPGD followed by RD51 collaboration meeting

  21. Feedback Problems in photondetection A.Breskin TIPP09@Tsukuba ５ • Ion and photon feedbacks Limit the stable high gain operation • Many activities to overcomethe feedbacks. • Gating • Ion defocusing by MHSP/COBRA １ • Blind reflection T. Sumiyoshi et al., A. Breskin et al., 21

  22. 2GEMs+μPIC with CsI PC Sekiya et al TRANSMISSIVE CsI PC on MgF2 window 54mm Ion Back Flow = Ic/Ia< 10-3 @ gas gain 105 REFLECTIVE CsI PC on Au coated LCP-GEM Deuteron Lump PCcurrent 10cm Anode current 22 • 10cm x 10cm • Possibility without Hamamatsu • So far, tested with UV sensitive CsI • Low Ion feedback achieved!

  23. Imaging JINST 4 (2009) P11006 NIM (2010) doi:10.1016/j.nima.2010.06.114 Star 犬 23 With solid UV scintillators Can be applied to LAr/LXe

  24. Hamamatsu’s GPM Prototype for R&D Pyrex glass GEM 24 Bialkali PC + glass GEM(capillary plate)

  25. TIPP09 in Tsukuba 25

  26. QE in gas is lower –The weak point- After evacuation, QE recovered to ~20%. In vacuum ～20% In Ar+CF4 ～12% Ne+CF4 gas: 14%（Max＠350nm) Ar+CF4gas :12% （Max＠420nm) 26 Trans-missive Photocathode QE~12%

  27. Long term stability Relative gain Period (days) 27 QE maintains almost the same value after 581 days operations.

  28. Strong for Magnetic field 28 Compensation coil for terrestrial B free!

  29. Make it larger 10cm Made by a new production Method: Sandblasting 29 Hamamatsu established the production of large Pyrex grass GEM

  30. By2012, they will conclude 100mm square Pyrex glass GEM compared with H8500D These are assembled in a ceramic vessel? 30 Towards large flat panel photo-sensor

  31. μ-PMT If we don’t require the largeness Dynode by micro etching technology Photo cathode(SBA) 13mm Glass base (window) Silicon base Glass base 10mm 31 Real low cost with real mass-production! MEMS(Micro Electro Mechanical Systems) technology realized μ-PMT →　PMT? , silicon detector? No assemble, completely automated process

  32. μ-PMT Typical output signal of prototype 2x2 sample 32 Prototype: 300 pieces on a 6’’ wafer Very uniform quality 20% Photo coveragepossibility in future??

  33. Conclusion 33 • There are many activities that can be applied to next generation large water Cherenkov detector. • Hybrid is also trend in photo-sensors. • The 20’’ PMT is still the candidate. • SBA technology is already taken into new photo-sensors. • HPD is the most plausible next generation candidate. • GPM can be a dark horse. • Post-next generation large sensor?

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