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Therapeutic Cloning

Therapeutic Cloning. Jayanti Tokas, MS, PhD 1 ; Rubina Begum, MS. PhD 1 ; Shalini Jain, MS, PhD 2 and Hariom Yadav, MS, PhD 2 1 Department of Biotechnology, JMIT, Radaur 2 NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA Corresponding: yadavhariom@gmail.com.

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Therapeutic Cloning

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  1. Therapeutic Cloning Jayanti Tokas, MS, PhD1; Rubina Begum, MS. PhD1; Shalini Jain, MS, PhD2 andHariom Yadav, MS, PhD2 1Department of Biotechnology, JMIT, Radaur 2NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA Corresponding: yadavhariom@gmail.com

  2. Cloning means making an organism identical to another • In nature :- Identical Twins • Occurs naturally in single celled organisms

  3. Cloning • Scientific technique to create genetically identical organisms • Production of one or more individual plants or animals(whole/in part) that are genetically identical

  4. Types of Cloning • Embryo Cloning • Reproductive cloning • Therapeutic Cloning

  5. a) Embryo cloning Produce mono zygotic twins or triplets Fertilized embryo remove one/more cells Encourage to develop into embryo Twins /triplets have identical DNA

  6. b) Reproductive cloning • Produce a duplicate of existing animal • Used to clone sheep & other mammals • Produce several genetic defects • Medical ethicists- Immoral procedure to be done on humans as it is unsafe & unethical

  7. Reproductive Cloning somatic cell (Diploid ) egg cell DNA from somatic cell enucleated egg cell fuse Newly formed embryo containing DNA from somatic cell cell division implant

  8. (Amy Coxon.,2001)

  9. c) Therapeutic Cloning • Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer(SCNT) • Biomedical Cloning • Research Cloning • Regenerative Medicine • Nuclear Transplantation Therapy(NTT)

  10. Therapeutic cloning (research cloning) is when stem cells are extracted to grow into a piece of human tissue which is encouraged to grow into a human organ for transplant

  11. Therapeutic Cloning DNA is extracted from a human’s cell inserted into a woman’s ovum develop and produce stem cells. stem cells are removed from the pre-embryo grown into specific organ transplanted into the patient.

  12. Culturing of pluripotent Stem Cell from fertilized embryo (David Cameron, 2001)

  13. Culturing of pluripotent Stem Cells from cloned embryo (David Cameron, 2001)

  14. Need for Therapeutic Cloning • Implantation of human Embryonic stem (ES) cells is not safe unless they contain patient’s own DNA • Efforts to repair central nervous system (CNS) disorders • Strictly Regulated

  15. Technology behind Therapeutic Cloning • Removing nucleus of egg cell • Replace with nucleus of a somatic cell • Stimulate cell division

  16. Removal of nucleus from adult cell (Irving Weissman,2002)

  17. Transfer of nucleus to enucleated oocyte (Irving Weissman,2002)

  18. Selection of embryonic stem cells

  19. Cloning Techniques • Roslin technique • 2. Honolulu technique

  20. Isolation of Donor Cell (Ian Wilmut,1995)

  21. Fusion of Donor nucleus to enucleated embryo (Ian Wilmut,1995)

  22. Honolulu technique • Developed at University of Hawaii, Honolulu • Does not use electric charge for cell fusion • Fused cell- given a chemical bath • Three donor cells- sertoli, neuronal & cumulus cells

  23. Value of Therapeutic Cloning for patients • Potential application in commonly occurring diseases • Heart disease • Insulin dependent diabetes • Parkinson disease • Burns Most attractive feature :- Create perfectly matched transplant material

  24. Mitochondrial Disease • Mitochondria are component of cells inherited from mother’s egg • They carry their own genes & are crucial to fundamental process in all the body cells

  25. Create New ES cells • Cells currently available for research are insufficient because:- • * Not sufficiently racially or ethnically divers • * Scientist need more cell lines to fulfill the promise of stem cell research

  26. Problems associated withTherapeutic Cloning • Developing cures • Is an embryo a human person ? • Stability of stem cells • Where would the eggs come from ?

  27. Ethical concern about Therapeutic Cloning • Moral status of organisms created by cloning • Getting stem cells • Getting eggs

  28. Getting Stem Cells • Adult organs (morally OK ,not technically) • Fetal tissue

  29. Getting eggs • Health risk concerning the donors • Paying the donors- commercializing the human reproductive material • Ethical issue related to donors

  30. Therapeutic Cloning is governed by- • Human Fertilization and Embryology Authority (1990) • Authority is administered by- HFEA which can only license research on embryos up to 14 days old for designate purposes

  31. Importance of TC research • Create cloned Human cells • Use to • * better understand human development • * provide resources for Stem cell research • * develop new treatment for disease • Application in genetic disease,serious injury • Opportunity to obtain perfectly matched transplant tissue for treating presently incurable condition • May lead to development of sophisticated alternatives that do not require eggs, embryonic cells • Practical clinical application not expected for at least 10 year

  32. Public opinion • 55% want to ban reproductive cloning but allow TC • 30% want to ban both • 12% want no ban to both • 3% undecided Hence,TC has come in Law (CAMR,March2003)

  33. “To allow cloning would be to move towards a society in which human beings are grown for spare body parts & children are engineered to custom specification – that is not acceptable” I believe all human cloning is wrong ….. any thing other than a total ban on human cloning would be unethical President Bush says on Stem cell policy

  34. WHAT NEXT 1. Treatment for:- Diabetes, Heart diseases ,Parkinson's disease, Disease of Bone & cartilage, Immunodeficiency diseases 2. Infertility treatments or to assist couples who know that one parent carries gene for potentially lethal disease 3. Prevent mitochondrial disease 4. Help scientist to understand how stem cell develop 5) Understanding how nuclear reprogramming occurs during CNR would eventually help scientists develop alternative Stem cell therapy techniques that reprogram cells without the need to use eggs, embryos or cloning

  35. THANK YOU

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