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III. How a protein is made: Protein Synthesis

III. How a protein is made: Protein Synthesis A. Why are proteins made and what does this have to do with genetics? 1. DNA holds the information to make proteins 2. A “gene” is a segment of DNA that codes for 1 protein

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III. How a protein is made: Protein Synthesis

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  1. III. How a protein is made: Protein Synthesis A. Why are proteins made and what does this have to do with genetics? 1. DNA holds the information to make proteins 2. A “gene” is a segment of DNA that codes for 1 protein B. DNA holds the recipes for making proteins. It uses RNA (the “chefs”) to send these recipes to the ribosomes (“kitchen”) so they can be made. 1. The basic unit of a protein is an amino acid a. we use 20 amino acids to make all of our proteins 2. A chain of amino acids together is a protein 3. Types of proteins include: hormones, enzymes, structural proteins

  2. C. RNA = ribonucleic acid 1. Similar structure to DNA with a few differences DNA RNA Basic unit nucleotide nucleotide 4 nitrogen bases A,T,C,G A,U,C,G (u=uracil) Sugar deoxyribose ribose Structure double stranded single stranded

  3. D. There are 3 types of RNA each having a different role in making a protein 1. mRNA : messenger RNA a. reads the information from the DNA and carriers the message to the ribosomes (this process is called “transcription” DNA: A T T G C C G A T mRNA: U A A C G G C U A Codon Codon Codon

  4. 2. tRNA: Transfer RNA a. made in the nucleus and reused in the cytoplasm b. reads mRNA and brings the correct amino acid to make a chain of amino acids (protein). This process is called “translation” c. The code is being translated into the language of amino acids. d. structure looks like an upside down t. Anticodon that corresponds with the mRNA codon UAC Amino Acid

  5. tRNA

  6. 3. rRNA : Ribosomal RNA a. located in the ribosome b. plays role in helping the amino acids join together during translation c. scientists are using this sequence to classify organisms.

  7. E. The process of making a protein 1. Transcription: Making mRNA from DNA 2. Translation: Translating the mRNA code into a chain of amino acids using tRNA to make a protein

  8. 1. Transcription: making mRNA from DNA a. enzyme “RNA polymerase” unzips DNA and attaches corresponding RNA nucleotides DNA: A T T C G C G A T mRNA: U A A G C G C U A b. When RNA polymerase reaches the sequence of DNA bases that tells it to “stop” the RNA strand is released and DNA zips back up c. mRNA strand carries the message out of the nucleus into the cytoplasm to the ribosome

  9. 2. Translation: Translating the mRNA codons into a chain of amino acids to make a protein a. 2 subunits of a ribosome bind to mRNA b. the 1st tRNA binds to the mRNA (the anticodon corresponds with the codon) c. the 2nd tRNA binds to the mRNA d. the amino acid from the 1st tRNA binds to the amino acid from the 2nd tRNA. e. the ribosome moves down the mRNA and the 1st tRNA is released (leaving a vacancy for the next tRNA) f. The process continues until the “STOP” signal codon is reached and the protein is released.

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