Bellwork - MONDAY

1. Bellwork - MONDAY • Draw the shape of a plant and animal cell. • Draw the mitochondria, nucleus & Golgi body

2. Vocabulary Words – QUIZ WED. • Virus • Host • Parasite • Bacteriophage • Bacteria • Asexual reproduction • Sexual reproduction • Vaccine • Endospore • Decomposer • Infectious disease • Toxin • Antibiotic • Antibiotic resistance • Vector • Pathogen

3. Words to add to your vocabulary list • Vector – organism that spreads pathogens from one host to another • Pathogen – an agent that causes disease

4. Bellwork • Tuesday • Describe the functions of the mitochondria, nucleus, cell membrane and cell wall • Have your vocabulary foldable on your desk

5. Viruses, Bacteria, & Fungi 3.c. Describe how viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites may infect the human body and interfere with normal body functions (DOK 1) 3.g. Research and draw conclusions about the use of single-celled organisms in industry, in the production of food, and impacts on life (DOK 3)

6. VIRUSES: WHAT IS A VIRUS? • A tiny, non-living particle that enters into a living cell and then reproduces inside that cell. • No organisms are safe from viruses • From the smallest bacterial cell to the tallest tree, from your pet cat to your younger brother • There is a virus able to invade that organisms cells.

7. CHARACTERISTICS OF VIRUSES • Do not have all characteristics essential for life. • Are not cells • Do not use their own energy to grow or to respond to their surroundings • VIRUSES CANNOT MOVE ON THEIR OWN! • **The only way viruses are like organisms is that they are able to multiply.

8. A HOST • An organism that provides a source of energy for a virus or another organism • A virus enters and multiplies inside a host • VIRUSES CAN ONLY MULTIPLY WHEN THEY ARE INSIDE A LIVING CELL

9. A PARASITE • An organism that lives on or in a host and causes it harm • A virus acts like a parasite • Almost all viruses destroy the cells in which they multiply

10. VIRUS SHAPE • Bacteriophage: a virus that infects bacteria • Its name means “bacteria eater” • Has a complex, robot like shape • Round • Rod • Bullet shaped

11. VIRUS SIZES • Vary in sizes • Smaller than cells • Smaller than bacteria • Cannot be seen with a regular microscope

12. THE STRUCTURE OF VIRUSES • All viruses have very similar structures even though they look very different • 2 basic parts: • A protein coat that protects the virus • An inner core made of genetic material • A virus’s genetic material contains the instructions for making new viruses. ***VIRUSES DO NOT HAVE A CELL WALL!

13. PROTEINS ON THE SURFACE OF A VIRUS • Play an important role during the invasion of a host cell • Each virus contains unique surface proteins • The shape of the surface proteins allows the virus to attach to certain cells in the host

14. LOCK AND KEY ACTION • Because the lock and key action of a virus is highly specific, a certain virus can attach only to one or a few types of cells. For example, most cold viruses infect cells only in the nose and throat of humans

15. HOW VIRUSES MULTIPLY • Once inside a cell, a virus’s genetic material takes over many of the cells functions. • It instructs the cell to produce the virus’s proteins and genetic material. • These proteins and genetic material then assemble into new viruses. • Some viruses take over cell functions immediately • Other viruses wait for a while

16. ACTIVE VIRUSES • An active virus immediately goes into action. • The virus’s genetic material takes over cell functions, and the cell quickly begins to produce the virus’s proteins and genetic material • Then these parts assemble into new viruses • When the cell is full of viruses, it bursts open, releasing hundreds of new viruses as it dies

17. HIDDEN VIRUSES • Hidden viruses do not immediately become active • They “hide” for awhile • The genetic material becomes part of the cell’s genetic material • The virus does not appear to affect the cell’s functions and may stay inactive for years • Each time the host cell divides, the virus’s genetic material is copied along with the host cell’s genetic material • Then, under certain circumstances, the virus’s genetic material becomes active • It takes over the cells functions in the same way that active viruses do • Soon, the cell becomes full of viruses and bursts open • For example: virus that causes cold sores

18. Vector • An organism that spreads pathogens from one host to another • Examples: • A mosquito infected with malaria • A raccoon infected with rabies • A person infected with the flu • A tick infected with Lyme Disease

19. BACTERIA • Discovered by Anton van Leeuwenhoek when he was looking at his tooth under a microscope • Single-celled organisms • They are prokaryotes • Genetic material in their cells is not contained in a nucleus • Lack nucleus • Have a cell wall that protects the cell • Genetic material is found in the cytoplasm • Genetic material forms a circular shape

20. BACTERIA CONTINUED • May have a flagellum that helps it to move • Flagellum spins in place like a propeller to allow the cell to move • Bacteria can have many flagella, one, or none • Bacteria that do not have flagella must rely on other methods for movement

21. SHAPE OF BACTERIA • 3 basic shapes: • Spherical (circular) • Rod • Spiral • The chemical makeup of the cell wall determines the shape

22. SIZE OF BACTERIA • Vary greatly in size • Larger than viruses but still very small

23. OBTAINING FOOD AND ENERGY • All bacteria need certain things to survive • Bacteria must have a source of food and a way of breaking down the food to release its energy

24. OBTAINING FOOD • Autotrophs: make their own food • Some capture and use the sun’s energy as plants do • Others, such as bacteria that live deep in mud, use energy from chemical substances in their environment

25. OBTAINING FOOD CONT’D • Heterotrophs: cannot make their own food • Must consume other organisms or the food that other organims make • May consume a variety of food • Milk, meat, decaying leaves, etc.

26. RESPIRATION • Process of breaking down food to release its energy • Bacteria need a constant supply of energy to carry out their functions • Most bacteria need oxygen to break down their food, but a few do not need oxygen for respiration • For those bacteria, oxygen kills them

27. REPRODUCTION • When bacteria have plenty of food, the right temperature, and other suitable conditions, they thrive and reproduce frequently • Under ideal conditions, some bacteria can reproduce as often as every 20 minutes! • It’s a good thing that growing conditions for bacteria are rarely ideal • Otherwise, there would be no room on Earth for other organims • Bacteria would take over everything!

28. REPRODUCTION • There are 2 types of reproduction • Asexual reproduction • Sexual reproduction

29. 1. ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION • Reproductive process that involves only one parent and produces offspring that are identical to the parent • Bacteria reproduce by a process called binary fission, in which one cell divides to form two identical cells • Binary fission is a form of asexual reproduction • During binary fission, a cell 1st duplicates its genetic material and then divides into 2 separate cells • Each new cell gets its own complete copy of the parent cell’s genetic material

30. 2. SEXUAL REPRODUCTION • Involves 2 parents who continue their genetic material to produce a new organism, which differs from both parents • Some bacteria may undergo a simple form of sexual reproduction • During a process called conjugation, one bacterium transfers some of its genetic material into another bacterium through a thin, threadlike bridge that joins the two cells

31. 2. SEXUAL REPRODUCTION CONTINUED • After the transfer, the cells separate • Results in bacteria with new combination of genetic material • Conjugation does not increase the number of bacteria • However, it does result in new bacteria that are genetically different from the parent cells • The bacteria will then divide by binary fission and the new genetic material is passed to the new cells

32. ENDOSPORE FORMATION • A small, rounded, thick-walled, resting cell that forms inside a bacterial cell • Contains the cell’s genetic material and some of its cytoplasm • Sometimes, conditions in the environment become unfavorable for the growth of bacteria • For example, food sources can disappear, water can dry up, or the temperature can fall or rise dramatically

33. ENDOSPORE FORMATION CONTINUED • Some bacteria can survive harsh conditions by forming endospores • Endospores can resist freezing, heating, and drying • Can survive many years • For example: the bacteria that causes botulism produces heat-resistant endospores that can survive in improperly canned foods • Endospores are also light • Can be transported by a light breeze • If an endospore lands in a place where conditions are suitable, it opens up and the bacteria can begin to grow and multiply

34. Bellwork • Wednesday – make sure you write the question. • Are viruses considered cells? • Can viruses move on their own? • Do viruses use their own energy? • Name the 4 shapes of viruses. • Study for your vocabulary quiz.

35. Answer questions in notes when finished - do not write question • T/F: Not all organisms can get a virus. • T/F: Viruses have all characteristics that are essential for life • Are viruses cells? • Do viruses use their own energy? • T/F: Viruses must be in a host cell in order to multiply • T/F: A virus acts like a parasite. • What is located on the outer coat of a virus that is specific to that virus? • Are viruses considered living organisms? • Can viruses move on their own? • Do viruses have the ability to multiply?

36. Bellwork • Thursday • Give an example of a vector. • Name the 4 shapes a virus. • What is on the surface of a virus? • Do viruses have a cell wall? • Turn in bellwork – you should have Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, and Thursday • Turn in writing prompt • MAKE SURE YOUR NAME IS ON EVERYTHING! • STUDY YOUR NOTES!

37. Classwork • Use 2 column note-taking strategy to take notes on the following: • Usefulness of bacteria – pages 168 – 171 • How disease spreads – pages 174 – 175 • Treating disease – pages 176 – 178 • Preventing disease – page 179 • YOU WILL HAVE A QUIZ TOMORROW ON THIS INFORMATION.

38. Bellwork – FRIDAY Which of these would happen to the cell if cellular respiration stopped? A. It would not have the energy it needs to perform its functions. B. It would grow larger because it would not be able to dispose of wastes. C. It would have to access backup energy trapped in the chemical bonds of food. D. It would no longer be able to passively transport materials across its cell membrane. • ONCE YOU FINISH BELLWORK….LOOK OVER YOUR NOTES!!!

39. Usefulness of viruses • Viruses are not all bad… • They can be used in a technique called gene therapy.

40. Usefulness of bacteria • Oxygen and food production • Environmental recycling and cleanup • Health maintenance and food production

41. Oxygen and Food Production • Autotrophs release oxygen into the atmosphere • Bacteria grow in milk to produce dairy products such as buttermilk, yogurt, sour cream, and cheeses • Bacteria grow in apple cider change the cider into vinegar • Can bacteria in food production be harmful?

42. Environmental Recycling • Decomposers • Heterotrophic bacteria • Organisms that break down large chemicals in dead organisms into smaller chemicals • Nature’s recyclers • They return basic chemicals to the environment for other living things to reuse • Example: leaves of many trees die in autumn and drop to the ground, decomposing bacteria spend the next month breaking down the chemicals in the dead leaves, the broken down chemicals mix with the soil and can then be absorbed by the roots of nearby plants.

43. Environmental Cleanup • Some bacteria eat oil • They convert the poisonous chemicals in oil into harmless substances • Scientists have put these bacteria to work cleaning up oil spills in oceans and gasoline leaks in the soil under gas stations

44. Health and Medicine • Did you know that many of the bacteria living in your body actually keep you healthy? • In your digestive system, your intestines teem with bacteria to help you digest food, make vitamins, or compete for space with disease-causing organisms preventing the harmful bacteria from attaching to your intestines and making you sick • Some bacteria help make medicines • Human insulin

45. Viruses, Bacteria, and Your Health

46. How Infectious Disease Spread • Have you ever wondered how you “catch” a cold, strep throat, or the chickenpox? • These and many other diseases are called infectious diseases – illnesses that pass from one organism to another • Infectious diseases can spread through contact with an infected person, a contaminated object, an infected animal, or an environmental source. • Once contact occurs, disease causing agents, such as viruses and bacteria, may enter a person through breaks in the skin, or they may be inhaled or swallowed • Others may enter the body through the moist linings of the eyes, ears, nose, mouth, or other body openings

47. Contact With An Infected Person • Direct contact such as touching, hugging, or kissing an infected person can spread some infectious diseases • Kissing an infected person can transmit cold sores • Contact can also occur indirectly • A common form of indirect contact is inhaling the tiny drops of moisture that an infected person sneezes or coughs into the air • These drops of moisture may contain disease causing organisms, such as flu or cold viruses

48. Contact With A Contaminated Object • Certain viruses and bacteria can survive for a while outside a person’s body • They can be spread via objects such as eating utensils • Drinking from a cup used by an infected person can spread diseases such as strep throat and mononucleosis • If you touch an object that an infected person has sneezed or coughed on, you may transfer some viruses and bacteria to yourself if you then touch your mouth or eyes • You may also get sick if you drink water or eat food that an infected person has contaminated

49. Contact With An Infected Animal • Animal bites can transmit some serious infectious diseases to humans • For example: • Rabies can be transferred through the bite of an infected dog, raccoon, or some other animal • Tick bites can transmit the bacteria that cause Lyme Disease • Mosquitoes can spread the virus that causes encephalitis, a serious disease in which the brain tissues swell

50. Contact With Environmental Sources • Certain viruses and bacteria live naturally in food, soil, and water • Poultry, eggs, and meat often contain salmonella bacteria • Eating foods that contain these bacteria can lead to one type of food poisoning • Cooking the foods thoroughly kills the bacteria