Time period One: to 600 BCE

1. Time period One: to 600 BCE • Early Human Migrations: out of Africa, land bridges, following food sources, moving because of climate change • Development of Agriculture—the Neolithic Revolution: a BIG BIGBIGBIGBIG DEAL!!!!!! • Development of River Valley Civilizations • Egypt, Mesopotamia, Indus, Yellow River Valley

2. TIME PERIOD ONE: TO 600 BCE • Humans transforming environments: settling, irrigating, mining, trading • Human societies growing larger, more complex, and more technological • Human societies stratifying: class and patriarchy • The development of urban societies (the hbc or hell a big continuity)

5. I’m sure hungry, where are all the animals?

6. Tool Making • Wood Stone and Bone in the pre-agricultural world • Metal tools become common with agriculture • Soon humans discover the advantage metal tools provide for militaries

9. This farming isn’t easy; wish I were still a nomad.” “How do you think I feel: you patriarchal $%*@.”

11. Animals as tools-food and work

12. Metals • Wheels • Storage

13. Technology Economic Specialization

16. River Valley Civilizations--Generally • Larger Organizations: governmental, religious, military • More specialization, stratification, patriarchy, technology • More long distance trade—connections between Egypt, Mesopotamia and Indus Valleys

18. When Thinking about RVC’s • State structures (centralized, city states) • Bureaucracies, writing systems, legal codes • Architecture, Arts, Story traditions • Ideological Structures (religious traditions) • Gender (levels of patriarchy)/hierarchical society • Technological Advancements • Threats of outside invaders • Irrigation and the relationship to the environment • Long distance trade and merchants

19. Code of Hammurabi

21. IRRIGATION TECHNOLOGY

22. War Chariot—Military Organization

23. Military Structures in the time periods • RVC’s—professionalized leaders/war chariots • The 600’s: Roman Legions • 600-1450: nomadic warriors/Mongols and Feudal Warrior castes: samurai and knights • 1450-1750: Janissaries (slave soldiers), gun powder armies, gunpowder navies • 1750-1900: Industrialization of armies • 1900--: weapons technology, aviation war

24. Urbanization/Monumentalizing

27. Writing Systems

28. Centralized Government • Leaders—invested with religious and political power • Literate Bureaucrats-- • Legal Systems—Code of Hammurabi

29. Professional Rulers and Religious Leaders—The Priest King

31. Review • Early Humans, nomadism, migration • Agriculture, settlement, stratification, patriarchy, technology (tools, animals) • RVC’s—urbanized, more patriarchy and stratification, military institutions, single rulers with political and religious authority, irrigation technology

32. 600 BCE-600 CE Organization and Reorganization of Human SocietiesThe Birth of Empire • Increasing Human Complexity • The Creation and diffusion of important ideologies: Confucianism, Buddhism, Christianity • The East Asian system (Dynastic System) • Social Hierarchies • Imperial institutions: ideologies, theater state rituals/monuments, infrastructure, military institutions

33. Two World Gems for the 600’s • The Mauryan leader Ashoka (South Asia) makes Buddhism the official religion of the empire; he publicizes legal and religious edicts on pillars erected throughout the empire. • The Hellenistic conqueror Alexander creates an empire stretching from Eastern Europe and North Africa across the Middle East and into South Asia. Though short lived, the empire allows for the diffusion of Greek culture throughout these areas, even into South Asia. In South AsiaGreek artistic styles blend with Indian traditions forming a style of art know as Bactrian or Gandharan (syncretism example).

39. Nomadic Threat!!!!!!!!!!!!! “I have no permanent home. I want their cool stuff!” “Me too. Cool stuff rocks!!!! Don’t pull my hair!”

40. 600 BCE to 600 CEGENERALIZATIONS TO CONSIDER • Think about imperial structures • Think about ideological structures • Think about social class systems • Think about trade contacts • Think about technological advances • Think about the fall of classical empires: • NOMADS!!!!! INTERNAL INSTABILITY!!!!! DISEASE!!!!!

41. Classical Empires • Mauryan/Gupta • Han • Rome

42. Classical Empire Generalizations • Large and multiethnic • Expand with conquest • Professional Military • Defined Social Class System • Development and Encouragement of ideological Traditions • Technological Advances • Long Distance Trade (Rome, Han and Mauryan/Gupta don’t directly interact but they share trade relationships via merchants)

44. Intensified Social Stratification: • Confucian Social Structure • Mauryan/Gupta Caste system (More regimented during Gupta Empire) • Patrician/Plebian notion of Ancient Rome (Roman Empire labor done by enslaved peoples)

45. Political Systems move toward single strong ruler with professionalized, literate bureaucracy and military institutions.

46. Religious Traditions Develop • Mauryan/Gupta—further development of Buddhism (encouraged by Ashoka) and Hinduism (definitive version of major Hindu texts—Mahabharata, Bhagavad Gita, Ramayana—solidified during Gupta Empire) evolves

47. Han Dynasty • Solidification of Confucian tradition • Earlier traditions like legalism and Daoism continue to have an influence • Daoism influenced the Han because it was the major ideological inspiration of the Yellow Turban Revolution from 184-204 CE—this occurs as the Han are losing control in China

48. Roman Empire • Romans focus on emperor worship, religious temples are a part of the Roman theater state • Christianity, early in its history, was also persecuted • Constantine made Christianity the state religion early in 300’s—major ideological change