Biology EOC First Grading Period Review Topics 2010

1. Biology EOCFirst Grading Period Review Topics 2010

2. Intro to Science A. Scientific Methods 1. Make an Observation 2. State the Problem 3. Develop a Hypothesis 4. Design and perform an Experiment Parts of an experiment: 1) Control group -Test done under normal conditions 2) Experimental group -Test in which one variable is different and tested 3) Variables (two types) A) Independent variable – factor being tested (something you change) (u know) B) Dependent variable – what you observe (doesn’t change) (u don’t know) 5. Collect/ Analyze the Data 6. Draw a Conclusion

3. Data Analysis Data may be presented in the form of a chart, graph, or table. 1. Be able to interpret regardless of background knowledge. 2. Read carefully, look at the entire diagram, and note all labels, units or headings. 3. Make sure you know what the question is asking! The effect of temperature on Enzyme

4. Biochemistry: Organic Compounds Life Function: Synthesis - making monomers from polymers (building organic molecules (food)) B. Organic Molecules 1. Carbohydrates (C,H,O) Subunit: Monosaccharide/Glucose Functions: Quick energy source or structural components Examples: Glucose, sucrose, starch, cellulose, glycogen, chitin Shape: Hexagon 2. Lipids (C, H, O) Subunit: Fatty acid and Glycerol Functions: Long term energy storage, cell membranes, insulation Examples: Fats, oils, waxes, phospholipids, steroids Shape: “Letter E”

5. Organic Compounds continued… 3. Proteins (C, H, 0, N) Subunit: Amino acid Functions: Structural components & speed up chemical reactions Examples: Lactase, insulin, hair, muscle, cartilage and enzymes 4. Nucleic Acids (C, H, 0, N, P) Subunit: Nucleotide Functions: Store genetic information and protein synthesis Examples: DNA & RNA Shape: Circle, Pentagon, Rectangle

6. Tests for Indicators

7. Enzymes -Biological catalysts (speed up chemical reactions) -Belong to the organic molecules of Proteins -Specific to substrates -Usually end in “ -ase“ -Affected by: pH *pH Scale: 0-14 Acid (0-6) “the lower the number the stronger the acid” Neutral (7) “equal amounts” Base (8-14) “the higher the number the stronger the base” 2) Temperature 3) Concentration of enzyme/substrate -May be denatured (CHANGE IN SHAPE= CHANGE IN FUNCTION)

8. Biology - First Quarter Review NC DPI Sample EOC Questions http://www.dpi.state.nc.us/accountability/testing/eoc/sampleitems/5

9. 1. The work of scientists usually begins with ______. A. testing a hypothesis B. careful observations C. creating experiments D. drawing conclusions

10. 2. Organic compounds are molecules that contain which of the following elements? • Hydrogen • Carbon • Fluoride • Phosphorous

11. 3. Proteins are polymers formed from ___________. • Amino acids • Nucleotides • Fatty acids • monosaccharides

12. 4.The brown paper test for lipids is positive when food is placed on the paper and a spot forms which will allow light to pass through it. Which food would give the strongest positive test for lipids? • A. potato chips • B. bread • C. sugar • D. carrots

13. 5. An enzyme speeds up a reaction by _____________. • Lowering the activation energy • Raising the activation energy • Releasing energy • Absorbind energy

14. 6. Which elements are present in all organic compounds? A.C,H, O B. C, P, N C. C, H, P D. C, H, O, P, N

15. Amino acids Nucleotides Fatty acids monosaccharide 7. Carbohydrates are polymers formed from a ___________.

16. 8. The point where an enzyme attaches to its substrate is called ______________. • Restriction site • Activation site • Motivation site • Key site

17. 9. Organic molecule that provides a quick energy source for cells is a ______________. • Protein • Lipids • Carbohydrate • DNA

18. 10. A controlled experiment allows the scientist to isolate and test ____________. A. a conclusion B. a mass of information C. several variables D. a single variable

19. 11. Enzymes are classified as which organic compound? • Proteins • Carbohydrates • Lipids • Nucleic Acids

20. 12. Organic molecule that is stored in plants such as potatoes is ____________. • Protein • Lipids • Starch • DNA

21. 13. Nucleic Acids are macromolecules formed from __________. • Amino acids • Fatty acids • Monosaccharide • Nucleotides

22. 14. Lipids are macromolecules formed from __________. • Amino acids • Fatty acids • Monosaccharide • nucleotides

23. Cells • Microscopes 1) Compound light microscope- lets light pass thru specimen 2) Electron Microscope- beams of electrons to pass thru specimen 3) Scanning Probe Microscope- traces surface of sample B. Cell Theory 1. All living things are made of cells 2. Cells are the basic units of organization in living things 3. All cells come from preexisting cells C. Types of Cells: 1. Prokaryotes - no nucleus or membrane-bound organelles EXAMPLE: bacteria REMEMBER: PRO NO NUCLEUS 2. Eukaryotes - nucleus and membrane-bound organelles EXAMPLE: protists, fungi, plant, and animal REMEMBER: EU DO HAVE A NUCLEUS

24. Cells Structure and Function (Organelles have a specific function) Nucleus - controls cellular activities Ribosome's - site of protein synthesis Mitochondria - provides energy (cellular respiration) Vacuoles – storage of water and minerals Chloroplast - food production (photosynthesis) Plasma membrane - controls what enters and leaves the Cell AKA: Cell Membrane or Fluid Mosaic Model Cell Wall - support and protection Cytoplasm - suspends organelles

25. Cell Parts ALL CELLS have a: a. Cell Membrane b. Cytoplasm c. Ribosome's d. DNA ONLY PLANT CELLS have a: a. Cell wall b. Chloroplast c. large Vacuole ONLY ANIMAL CELLS have a: a. centrioles

26. Cell Parts Organelles that contain their OWN DNA: a. Nucleus b. Mitochondria c. Chloroplast Organelles that are membrane bound: a. Vacuole b. Chloroplast c. Mitochondria d. Nucleus

27. Cell Specialization Levels of organization Cells  Tissues  Organs  Organ Systems Organism B. Specialized Cells (Structure determines function) a. Skin cell – protection b. Muscle cell - contraction/ movement c. Blood cell - carries oxygen, food, and nutrients d. Nerve cell - transmits nerve impulses e. Sperm and Egg cell – reproduction f. Guard cells - gas exchange in plants g. Protozoan Cell- pumps out excess water with contractile vacuole

28. Biology - First Quarter Review NC DPI Sample EOC Questions http://www.dpi.state.nc.us/accountability/testing/eoc/sampleitems/5

29. 15. What is the function of a cell’s selectively permeable membrane? A. to regulate energy production in the cell B. to keep mitochondria from using nuclear material C. to maintain a constant lipid-protein ratio in the cell D. to control materials entering and leaving the cell

30. 16. Some organelles have their own DNA that is distinct from the cell’s nuclear DNA. This is true of which organelle? A. cell wall B. mitochondria C. plasma membrane D. vacuole

31. 17. At which organelle are proteins manufactured? A. mitochondrion B. nucleus C. ribosome D. vacuole

32. 18. Which of the following is the correct sequence for levels of organization in a multicellular organism? A. System Organism Organ Tissue Cell B.System Organism Cell Tissue Organ C. Organism Tissue Organ Cell System D. Cell Tissue Organ System Organism

33. 19. While observing an Elodea plant cell through a microscope, a student noticed some small, moving green disks. These organelles were mostlikely which of the following? A. chloroplasts B. leucoplasts C. mitochondria D. ribosome's

34. 20. Specialized cells that are involved with gas exchange and food production in plants are called ____________ cells. A. Blood B. Nerve C. Sperm D. Guard

35. 21. A student examines a cell under the microscope and determines that it is a eukaryote. Which structure did the student identify in order to come to this conclusion? A. vacuole B. nucleus C. cell wall D. ribosome

36. 22. Cellular Respiration occurs at which structure below? A. I B. II C. III D. IV

37. 23. The major difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells is the presence or absence of which of the following? A. membrane-bound organelles B. cytoplasm C. a cell membrane D. nucleic acids

38. 24. Which of the following is found only in eukaryotic cells? A. cell membrane B. cytoplasm C. DNA D. mitochondria

39. 25. _______________ is a process in which cells develop in different ways to perform different tasks. A. Migration B. Specialization C. Immunization D. Translocation

40. 26. Protein synthesis occurs at which of the structures shown below? A. I B. II C. III D. IV

41. Cell Transport-Cell Membrane 1. Bilayer of phospholipids are embedded with proteins 2. Made up of: a. Phospholipids heads: - polar (hydrophilic "water loving") -face outside and inside of cell b. Phospholipids tails -nonpolar (hydrophobic "water fearing") -face each other forming a barrier 3. Plasma membrane is selectively permeable because it controls what enters and leaves cell 4. Plasma membrane maintains our HOMEOSTASIS by maintaining an internal equilibrium (only allowing certain substances to pass through) Carbohydrate chains Proteins Lipid Bilayer Transport Protein Phospholipids

42. Cell Transport Hypotonic Isotonic Hypertonic 1)Passive Transport: -doesn't require energy -particles move from high to low concentration • simple Diffusion- movement of particles EX: Oxygen from lungs into our bloodstream 2. Osmosis- diffusion of water EX: Water into a paramecium 3. Facilitated Diffusion- diffusion with the help of transport proteins EX: transport of LARGE molecules • Hypotonic – low solute, high water (Cells swell and burst) b. Hypertonic – high solute, low water (Cells shrivel/shrink) c. Isotonic – equal water in and out of cell (No change in cells) Water moves out Water moves in & out Water moves in

43. Cell Transport 2)Active Transport: - requires energy (ATP) - particles move from low to high concentration • Sodium-potassium pump- transport proteins EX: Sodium ions pumped out of a red blood cell 2. Endocytosis- taking material into a cell EX: White blood cell engulfing bacterium 3. Exocytosis- material existing the cell EX: Cells expelling wastes

44. Life Characteristics 1. Living things are made up of units called cells 2. Living things reproduce 3. Living things are based on a universal genetic code 4. Living things grow and develop 5. Living things obtain and useenergy 6. Living things respond to their environment 7. Living things maintain a stable and internalenvironment “Homeostasis” 8. Living things change over time

45. Biology - First Quarter Review NC DPI Sample EOC Questions http://www.dpi.state.nc.us/accountability/testing/eoc/sampleitems/5

46. 27.A plant has been removed from its natural environment and placed into a body of water that contains more salt than the inside of each plant cell. This situation is most similar to which of the following events? A. a sea plant put into fresh water B. a freshwater plant put into sea water C. a sea plant put into distilled water D. a land plant put into tap water

47. 28. A cell with 5% solute concentration is placed in a beaker with a 1% solute concentration. • What will happen to the cell over time? • A. The cell will gain H2O and expand • B. The cell will lose H2O and shrink • C. The cell will both gain and lose equal amounts of H2O; thus, it will remain the same size • D. The cell will undergo no exchange of H2O with its surroundings

48. 29.What regulates the flow of water through a cell membrane? A. The concentration of solutes B. The absence of a cell wall • The thickness of the membrane • The presence of a cell wall

49. 30. Which of the following statements concerning diffusion and active transport is correct? A. both diffusion and active transport require cell energy B. neither diffusion nor active transport requires cell energy C. diffusion requires cell energy while active transport does not D. active transport requires cell energy while diffusion does not

50. 31. A plant cell with a 10% salt concentration is placed in a 20% salt water concentration. What type of solution is this? What process will occur in the cell? A. hypotonic; plasmolysis B. hypotonic; cytolysis C. hypertonic; plasmolysis D. hypotonic; active transport