Origins and Exploration

1. Mr. Searcy Origins and Exploration

2. Bering Strait • 35,000 years ago • Ice Age • Nomads following wild Game. • 10,000 years ago, land Bridge is back in the sea. • 1492- 100 million People in Americas.

3. Tribes • Countless tribes were created from Alaska to southern tip of South America • Over 2,000 separate languages were created. • New cultures, religions, and customs

4. Mayans • Mexico through northern Central America • Establish around 2000 B.C. • Peaked between 250-900 AD • Created agriculture, hieroglyphic written language, vast architecture, and city-states. • Developed elaborate pyramids and religious centers. • Collapsed between 8th and 9th Century.

5. Mayans • Collapse may have been due to climate change(drought). May also have been due to overpopulation. • Eventually overtaken by the Spanish. • Culture still exists in parts of Central America.

6. Aztecs • Central Mexico • Mexicas settled at Tenochtitlan after seeing the eagle on a prickly cactus eating a snake in 1325. • Lake Texcoco • Created by a triple alliance of tribes. • Tlacaelel and Montezuma I established a new culture and religion.

7. Aztecs • Late 1400s they reached their peak of power, controlling Mexico from the Pacific to the gulf.

8. Inca • Largest pre-Columbian empire. • Cusco in modern day Peru • Covered all of Andes mountains. • Worshiped the sun god • Began expansion in 1400s under Capac • Tupac Inca Yupanqui led expansion into the north in the late 1400s.

9. Impact on the USA • Maize: Corn • 1200 BC in Southwest US by Pueblos. • Led to stationary living. • Spread slowly through North America • US never had the empire of Central and South America due to nomadic lifestyle of most tribes. • Reason for easy conquest of N.A. tribes

10. Early US tribes • Mississippians: Lower Midwest of US • Cahokia: close to St. Louis • 40,000 people in city by 1100 • Decline by 1300s. Unknown reasons Mound Builders: Ohio River valley

11. 3 Sister Farming • 1000 AD in Southeast US • Corn • Squash • Beans • Creek, Cherokee, and Choctaw

12. Iroquois Nation • 16th Century • Hiawatha created the Confederacy. • Military alliance of • Mohawk, Algonquin, Seneca, Cayuga, Onondaga, Oneida tribes • Matriarch system where power and possession passed down on female side of family

13. Native Population before conquest • Around 10 million people in North America before European arrival. • Tribes were isolated and heavily dependent on land. • Land was relatively untouched

14. Why search for a New World • Scandinavia: • 1000 AD: Eric the Red had reached Iceland and Greenland • Lief Ericson then reached Vinland which is present day Newfoundland 2. Christian Crusades: • 11th -14th Century • Became fans of Eastern Goods while fighting in the holy lands. (spices, silk, and drugs)

15. Why search for a new world • Muslim middle easterners worked as middle men. 3. Marco Polo • 1295 returned to Venice after spending 20 years in China. • Led to an increased interest in Eastern goods. 4. Portuguese • Found a way to sail south to Africa.

16. Why Search for a New World • Sailed NW in order to reach Europe. • Allowed them to establish trading posts along West African Coast. Sub-Saharan Africa was virtually unknown before • Allowed the movement of gold and slaves • Slavery already existed in Africa with Muslims controlling black Africans. • 1488: Bartholomeu Dias rounded the southern tip

17. Why Search for a New World • 1498 Vasco de Gama sailed to India 5. Spain: Late 15th Century the reconquest of Spain was complete. • Moors kicked out of Spain • Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile were married. • Began expansion west to compete with Portugal.

18. Why search for a New World 6. The Renaissance • Ideas of optimism and exploration spread • Mariners compass made it easier to sail • Maps improved • Printing press: spread scientific knowledge and ideas • Spain was poised to expand

19. Christopher Columbus • Italian • Not sure how he truly Looked due to several Portraits. • Persuaded King Ferdinand And Queen Isabella to Finance his trip to find a Western route to the East Indies.

20. Christopher Columbus • The Nina, the Pinta, and the Santa Maria • Six week voyage • October 12, 1492 reached the Bahamas • Thought he had reached the Indies and accordingly called the people “Indians” • Accidental discovery sparked an economic system that lasted centuries.

21. New Market System • Europe: Provided Markets, Capital, and Technology • Africa: Provided Manual Labor • New World: Provided Raw Materials • Metals • Food products: corn, tobacco, potato, tomato, and beans

22. Columbian Exchange • 3/5 of all crops cultivated today come from the New World • Foods from New World led to population booms in both Europe and Africa (which helped fuel the slave trade) • Europeans brought beast of burden to Americas. (Horse, cattle, and pigs) • Page 12 on plants

23. Columbian Exchange • 1493: Columbus returned to Hispaniola ( present day Haiti and DR) • 17 ships • Cattle, swine, and horses • Horses forever changed the way Indians lived (especially in the plains and in the SW) • Brought sugarcane, which led to the forced migration of millions of African slaves

24. Columbian Exchange • Disease: Small Pox, Yellow Fever, and Malaria • Indians were not immune to these diseases and they quickly spread • Taino tribe in Hispaniola: In 50 years their numbers went from 5 million to 200. • Within a century after Columbus landing, nearly 90% of native americans perished • Did give Europeans syphilis

25. The Spanish Conquistadores • Treaty of Tordesillas (1494) gave much of new world to Spain. Portugal received land in Africa, Asia, and present day Brazil. • Vasco Nunez Balboa: discoverer of Pacific Ocean. Landed in Panama in 1513. • Ferdinand Magellan: 1519-1522: first trip around the globe. Killed by natives in the Philippines. Only one of 5 ships made it back to Spain.

26. Spanish Conquistadors • Juan Ponce de Leon: 1513 and 1521 explored Florida seeking gold. Killed by natives. • Francisco Coronado: 1540-1542: Searched for city of gold (actually pueblo homes). Wondered through much of the Soutwest and all the way into Kansas. First European to see the Grand Canyon and buffalo. • Hernando de Soto: 1539-1542: Gold seeking expedition through Florida and westward up Mississippi River. Died of fever and wounds from Indian attacks.

27. Spanish Conquistadors • Francisco Pizzaro: 1532: Conquered the Inca Empire in Peru.

28. Spanish Conquistadors • Flow of silver from New World sparked economic boom in Europe. • Prices increased and led to growing capitalism in Europe. • Also increased trade with Asia. • Led to well developed banking systems in the world.

29. Spanish Conquistadors • The West Indies became the testing ground for new economic system. • Became a storage area for goods and resting place before conquests in the New World. • Became a testing ground for “Christianizing” the natives which in essence was a process of enslaving the native people. • Bartoleme de Las Casas, a missionary, wrote of the evils of the slave system being created in the New World.

30. Hernan Cortez • Set sail form Cuba in 1519 for Mexico. • Picked up a Spanish castaway who had been imprisoned by Mayan speaking Indians. • Also picked up a female Indian slave named Malinche who spoke Mayan and Nahuatl, the language of the Aztecs. • These two interpreters added him in his conquest of the Aztecs.

31. Hernan Cortez • Landed near Vera Cruz and started his approach for Tenochtitlan with 20,000 Indian allies. Sought the gold he had heard rumors of. • Met by ambassadors of Montezuma who flowered him with gifts, only increasing his desire for gold. • Montezuma thought this white man riding a horse was the god Quetzalcoal. This thought allowed the Spanish to enter the capital unopposed.

32. Hernan Cortez • The Spanish were amazed by the scope and advancement of the town with it’s use of causeways and aqueducts. • The Aztecs eventually realized the Spanish only wanted their gold and attacked the Spanish on June 30, 1520. • The Spanish counter attacked on August 13. Their attack coincided with a smallpox epidemic that destroyed the Aztec empire and led to a Spanish victory. • The Spanish then controlled the city for 3 centuries, creating Mexico City and destroying the Aztec culture. • New culture emerged as Spanish and natives intermarried creating a new mestizos culture, a blending of new and old world ways.

33. Spanish Rule • Within a half century some 160,000 Spanish came to the Americas, creating churches and schools. • Threatened by other countries seeking a foothold in the Americas • John Cabot: Italian sailing for the English: 1497 and 1498 explored Northeasten coast. • Giovanni de Verranzano: Italisn sailing for the French: 1524 Eastern seaboard • Jacques Cariter: French 1534: Explored the St. Lawrence River

34. Spanish Rule • Catholic Churches and Missions became centers of Spanish control in America. • Establish many in the Southwestern U.S. • Pueblos destroyed the missions in Pope’s Rebellion in 1680 in New Mexico. • Also establish churches and forts in Texas including the Alamo in the early 1700s. • Mid-1700s they establish mission in California including San Diego and San Francisco.