Exploration and Expansion

1. Exploration and Expansion World Studies

2. Bell Ringer • Why did Europeans want to explore new lands during the late 1400s and early 1500s?

3. Motives and Means of Exploration • For the most part, Europeans remained in the same area of the world for over a thousand years (Europe, the near East, and Northern Africa) • Marco Polo wrote of his travels to China and his visits to the court of the great Mongol leader Kublai Khan • Polo’s writings fascinated many in Europe to explore and travel, especially the exotic east

4. Motives and Means of Exploration 1. GOLD • European officials wanted to expand trade for economic reasons • Asian spices were a hot commodity in Europe, and very expensive when purchased through Arab middlemen • Spices were needed to preserve and flavor food • Europeans also wanted to find precious metals (Gold)

5. Motives and Means of Exploration 2. God • Religious zeal was another reason for the boom in exploration by Europeans • The goal of spreading the holy Catholic faith 3. Glory • The last motive for exploration was a spirit of adventure to achieve glory • Discover something for the recognition

6. BELL RINGER • WHAT DOES GOD, GLORY, and GOLD mean? • 5 minutes to turn in

7. God, Glory, and Gold • When looking at exploration and expansion, the main motives of the European explorers and European monarchs were “God, Glory, and Gold” • European monarchies saw this as an opportunity to expand their empires and also to achieve “God (religions expansion), Glory (individual fame), and Gold (riches)” • Explorers saw this as an opportunity to please their kings/queens and spread the Catholic faith (God), adventure and individual recognition (Glory), and individual riches (Gold)

8. Who were the explorers? • Using your map, diagram and label the routes taken by the following explorers. After diagraming the route, complete the chart. • Choose a color and line design (solid, dashed, dotted, etc…) to denote the route the different explorers took. Ex. Red solid line represents Columbus’ route

9. Explorers • 1. PRINCE HENRY THE NAVIGATOR • PORTUGAL • Area of exploration:1420-1460 supported exploration of the western coast of Africa • Goals of exploration: • establish a Christian empire in western Africa to aid Portuguese wars against the Moors of northern Africa • find new sources of gold • create maps of the African coast • Impact: The trips funded by Henry the Navigator led to more exploration of western Africa:

10. BARTHOLOMEU DÍAS • PORTUGAL • Area of exploration: coast of western Africa • Main expedition: 1488: rounded the southernmost tip of Africa • Goal of exploration: find a water route to Asia • Impact: Días led the Portuguese closer to discovering a water route to Asia.

11. VASCO DA GAMA • PORTUGAL • Area of exploration: coast of western Africa • Main expedition: 1498: rounded the southernmost tip of Africa and reached India • Goal of exploration: find a water route to Asia • Impact: Da Gama found a water route to Asia and brought back a small but impressive collection of jewels and spices, which encouraged further exploration.

12. CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS • SPAIN • Area of exploration: Caribbean • Main expeditions: Columbus made four main expeditions to the area: in 1492, when he reached the present-day Bahamas and later Cuba and Hispaniola (modern-day Haiti), followed by three additional expeditions in 1493, 1498, and 1502. • Goal of exploration: find a western water route to Asia • Impact: Although Columbus believed that he had landed on the fringes of Asia, he had actually discovered the New World and opened up additional exploration of the Americas.

13. VASCO NÚÑEZ BALBOA • SPAIN • Area of exploration: Caribbean • Main expedition: 1513: discovered the Pacific Ocean and the Isthmus of Panama • Goal of exploration: further exploration of the New World • Impact: Balboa discovered a new passage for exploration and the Pacific Ocean; he also claimed the Pacific Ocean for the Spanish empire.

14. FERDINAND MAGELLAN • SPAIN • Area of exploration: southern tip of South America and into the Pacific Ocean • Main expedition: 1519–1522: Magellan started in Spain with five ships and navigated to the southern tip of South America, discovering the strait that is named from him. After passing through the strait, he continued into the Pacific Ocean. Though Magellan himself was killed in the Philippines, his ships went on to complete the first known circumnavigation of the globe. • Goal of exploration: seeking access to Asia across the Pacific Ocean • Impact: Magellan discovered a new passage between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans; his expedition was the first known to circumnavigate the globe.

15. JUAN PONCE DE LEON • SPAIN • Area of exploration: modern-day Florida • Main expedition: 1513 and 1521: Ponce de Leon likely initially thought that what is now Florida was an island when he explored the area. • Goal of exploration: seeking gold • Impact: Ponce de Leon explored mainland North America. • Note: Many believe Ponce de Leon was looking for the mythical Fountain of Youth

16. HERNÁN CORTÉS • SPAIN • Area of exploration: Mexico (from modern-day Cuba) • Main expedition: 1519: Led by a Spanish castaway, Cortés came into contact with the Aztec empire, which he conquered for Spain in 1521. • Goal of exploration: gold • Impact: Due to a smallpox outbreak, the Aztec population dwindled quickly, and Cortés played a major role in the conquest of the empire. The Aztec empire eventually spent 300 years under Spanish rule. Cortés also brought Spanish crops, animals, language, laws, customs, and religion. Intermarriage between the surviving Aztec and the Spanish led to the culture of mestizos.

17. FRANCISCO PIZARRO • SPAIN • Area of exploration: South America (modern-day Peru) • Main expedition: 1532–1538: conquered Peru and the Incan empire for Spain • Goal of exploration: seeking gold and silver for Spain • Impact: Pizarro conquered the Incan empire for Spain and spread Spanish influence in South America.

18. HERNANDO DE SOTO • SPAIN • Area of exploration: North America • Main expedition: 1539–1542: through Florida west into the continent • Goal of exploration: gold, silver, jewels • Impact: De Soto was the first known European to cross the Mississippi River.

19. FRANCISCO CORONADO • SPAIN • Area of exploration: North America • Main expedition: 1540–1542: Mexico through modern-day Arizona and New Mexico and into modern-day Kansas • Goal of exploration: fabled “golden cities,” which were actually adobe pueblos • Impact: Coronado furthered the spread of Spanish influence on the continent, opening up the Southwest of the modern-day US to Spanish settlement.

20. JOHN CABOT • ENGLAND • Area of exploration: North America • Main expedition: 1497–1498: northeastern coast of North America • Goal of exploration: a northwest passage through the New World to the Orient (Asia) • Impact: Cabot established an English presence in North America, though England did not make any serious attempts to settle there for nearly 100 years.

21. GIOVANNI VERRAZANO • FRANCE • Area of exploration: North America • Main expedition: 1524: from France up the northeastern coast of North America from the Carolinas to Nova Scotia • Goal of exploration: establish a presence in the New World for France • Impact: Verrazano helped to establish a French claim in North America.

22. JACQUES CARTIER • FRANCE • Area of exploration: North America • Main expedition: 1534: the St. Lawrence River as far inland as modern-day Montreal • Goal of exploration: establish a presence in the New World for France • Impact: Cartier established a presence for the French in modern-day Canada.

23. SIR FRANCIS DRAKE • ENGLAND • Area of exploration: North America • Main expedition: 1577–1580: circumnavigated the globe, passing through the Strait of Magellan; captured a Spanish ship (which was carrying silver from Peru) off the coast of South America; explored the coast of California, claiming it for England; and returned to Europe through the Pacific, Indian, and Atlantic Oceans • Goal of exploration: establish English presence in the New World, assert English dominance over Spain • Impact: Drake’s expeditions led to an increase of tensions between Spain and England.

24. Amerigo Vespucci • Portugal • Although not one of the main explorers, Amerigo Vespucci was responsible for overseeing several expeditions of the new world for Portugal. It is because of his presence and role in gaining information about the new world, the cartographer (map maker) named the new continents after him, America

25. The Atlantic Slave Trade • Bell Ringer – What impact did European Exploration and Expansion have on the rest of the world? • European Exploration and Expansion might have had the biggest impact of any other thing,on the world, as a whole. • It led to the destruction of native cultures and civilizations (Aztecs and Incas) • They forcibly introduced their culture and beliefs on others (Africa, Asia, and Americas) • They rob a continent (Africa) of its most precious resource – PEOPLE

26. Mercantilism • The European countries were creating a world-wide trading empire in the Americas and in the East • These trading “outpost”, or colonies, were distant settlements away from the “mother” country • These colonies were created to increase the amount of gold and silver bullion the European countries had • The amount of bullion a country controls is linked to their success. This is mercantilism. • This quest for wealth led to the Slave Trade.

27. The Slave Trade • Trading slaves wasn’t anything new. • Slavery in Africa had existed since ancient times (usually this form of slavery was through prisoners of war). • During the 1400s, African slavery was primarily used in Southwest Asia, where most served as domestic servants. • With the discovery of the Americas, the demand for African slavery changed dramatically. • The new settlers in the Americas needed a labor force to work the sugarcane fields

28. The Slave Trade • Sugarcane was introduced in Europe and was in high demand. • New plantations, large agricultural estates, were established in the New World where sugarcane was grown. • Sugarcane was very labor intensive and a large labor force was needed. • Most of the Native Americans died from the European diseases.

29. The Slave Trade • To meet the need of labor, Africans were taken from their homeland and shipped to the Americas to work on the sugarcane plantations. • The first Africans arrived as slaves in the Americas in 1518 as part of the Triangle Trade.

30. The Triangle Trade • From the Americas to Europe • From Europe to Africa • From Africa to the Americas

31. The Slave Trade How many Africans were taken and sent to the Americas? • 1500s – about 275,000 • 1600s – over 1 million • 1700s – 6 million • Total – over 10 million (this number is disputed)

32. The Middle Passage • The reason for the large number of slaves was the high death rate of the slaves • The journey between Africa and the Americas was known as the Middle Passage • Many slaves died on this journey due to the horrible conditions • Others committed suicide • Those that arrived in America often died from disease in the Americas

33. Slavery in the Americas • As more and more slaves were born in the Americas, the death rate slowly declines due to the acquisition of immunity to the previously deadly disease • Unfortunately, slavery was a business and it was cheaper to buy a slave as an adult then it was to raise a child to adulthood

34. Effects of the slave trade • Tremendous impact on the individual slave and their family • Led to a decline in population in many African communities • Many of these communities lost their strongest and youngest men and women • Increased warfare in Africa in the pursuit of slaves • Africans were viewed as inferior by Europeans

35. End of the Slave Trade • Society of Friends (Quakers) begin to condemn slavery in the 1770s • France abolishes slavery after the French Revolution (1790s) • British ended the slave trade in 1807 and abolished owning slaves in 1833 • The United States ended slavery with the Civil War in the 1860s