Exploration and expansion

1. The Age of Exploration Exploration and expansion

2. Motives and Means • A. European Exploration • 1. Portugal • 2. Spain • 3. Dutch • 4. England • 5. France Exploration and expansion

3. Motives • Marco Polo visits Kublai Khan, writes The Travels, describing exotic East experience. • Conquests of Ottoman Turks leads to travels by sea Exploration and expansion

4. Five Motives for Exploration • Expand Trade • Search for spices and gold • Religious zeal-introduce Catholic Faith • Convert natives to Christianity • The 3 G’s—God, Glory, Gold (religion, fame, fortune) Exploration and expansion

5. The Trading Portuguese Trading Empire • 1. Leader in trading • 2. Explored western coast of Africa-The gold Coast • 3. Bartholomeu Dias-sailed Cape of Good Hope Exploration and expansion

6. 4. Vasco de Gama-sailed around Cape of Good Hope and cut across Indian Ocean to Asia. Sold spices and made profit of several thousand percent. • 5. Portuguese destroy Muslim shipping and control spice trade. • 6. Admiral Afonso-set up trading port at Goa. 7. Melaka-thriving port for spice trade. Exploration and expansion

7. Voyages to The Americas • 1. Spanish sail west across the Atlantic to reach spice trade. • 2. Portuguese sail east through Indian Ocean to reach spice trade Exploration and expansion

8. Voyages of Columbus • Italian explorer sponsored by Spanish Queen Isabella. • Reached Caribbean and Honduras-called it the Indies Exploration and expansion

9. A Line of Demarcation • Treaty of Tordesillas 1494- gave Portugal control of the trade routes around Africa, Spain had rights to the Americas Exploration and expansion

10. Treaty of Tordesillas Exploration and expansion

11. Race to the Americas • John Cabot-explored New England coast line of the Americas • Amerigo Vespucci-accompanied Pedro Cabral on voyages to South America Exploration and expansion

12. The Spanish Empire • Spanish Explorers were called Conquistadors • Hernan Cortes-took Aztec empire in 3 years • Francisco Pizarro-controlled Incan empire • Spanish take control of Latin America in 30 years • Portuguese take Brazil due to line of demarcation • 1535 colonial governments set up in Americas Exploration and expansion

13. The Spanish Empire • Native Americans declared subjects by Queen Isabella • Granted the Spanish encomienda, the right to use Native Americans as laborers. • Spanish did not protect Native Americans as directed by Queen • Native Americans put to work on plantations and mines Exploration and expansion

14. The Spanish Empire • Native Americans begin to die due to forced labor, starvation and disease. • Europeans diseases: smallpox, measles, and typhus. • Hispaniola had population of 250,000 when Columbus arrived • 1538 only 500 Native Americans alive • Mexico : Population went from 25 million(1519) to 1 million (1630) Exploration and expanison

15. The Spanish Empire • Catholics contribute to conquest by converting and baptizing natives • Churches, schools, hospitals built. Represent European society • Native American traditions replaced with European systems of Religion, language, culture, and government Exploration and expansion

16. Economic Impact and Competition • Aztecs viewed conquerers as greedy pigs who longed for gold. • Colonists began to establish plantations and ranches to raise sugar, cotton, vanilla, livestock and other new products • Potatoes, cocoa, corn and tobacco native to the Americas were shipped to Europe • Exchange between old and new worlds became known as the Columbian Exchange Exploration and expansion

17. Economic Impact and Competition • New Rivals Enter the Scene • Spanish establish colonies in the Philippine Islands • English settle in India • Dutch settle in India, establish the East India Company to compete with English and Portuguese. • Dutch settle in America and establish the West India Company to compete with Spanish and Portuguese • English eventually crush Dutch empire in the Americas and take over, renaming areas such as New York. Exploration and expansion

18. Economic Impact and Competition • New Rivals Enter the Scene • 1600’s French colonize parts of Canada and Louisiana • English settle and founded Virginia and Massachusetts Bay Colonies • 1700, English have colonial empire along eastern seaboard of North America Exploration and Expansion

19. Economic Impact and Competition • Trade, Colonies, and Mercantilism • European nations enter the Commercial Revolution • Mercantilism-a set of principals that dominated economic thought during 1600’s • Idea behind mercantilism-the prosperity of a nation depended on large supply of gold and silver. The more gold and silver a nation had, the more prosperous the nation was. • Balance of Trade is the difference in value between what a nation imports and what a nation exports. Favorable balance shows more exports than imports Exploration and expansion