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Present Active Verbs

Present Active Verbs. First and Second Conjugation. Implicit and Explicit Subjects. For Latin verbs, there is always a built-in (implicit) subject, e.g., sum , “I am”; amant , “they love”

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Present Active Verbs

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  1. Present Active Verbs First and Second Conjugation

  2. Implicit and Explicit Subjects • For Latin verbs, there is always a built-in (implicit) subject, e.g., sum, “I am”; amant, “they love” • There is often an explicit subject as well. An explicit subject will be a noun separate from the verb, e.g., feminaeamant, “the women love”

  3. Principal Parts of the Verb • Examples of principal parts of verbs in English: think-thought-thought; sing-sang-sung • The first principal part of the verb in Latin is also the first-person singular present active form of the verb, e.g., amō, “I love,” habitō, “I live,” cogitō, “I think”

  4. The Verb Stem • For (finite) verbs there are two parts: the stemand the personal ending. • The stem is derived from the second principal part of the verb (= infinitive)

  5. Determining the Verb Stem • To determine the stem of a verb, drop the final –refrom the second principal part: • amō, amāreamāre amāre • stem = ama • moneo, monēremonēremonēre • stem = mone

  6. Conjugations • As nouns are grouped into declensions, verbs are grouped into conjugations. • The first and second conjugation are very similar, and their stems are derived by the same process described above.

  7. Second Principal Part • The 2d principal part of a 1st-conjugation verb ends in –āre • The 2d principal part of a 2d-conjugation verb ends in –ēre • Note: the macron over the penultimate ein the infinitive of a second-conjugation verb is important to include. Without the macron, the verb appears to be third conjugation.

  8. Personal Endings • The personal endings are the same for both conjugations: • -ō first person singular, “I” • -s second person singular, “you” • -t 3d person sg., “she,” “he,” “it” • -mus 1st pl., “we” • -tis 2d pl., “you” • -nt 3d pl., “they”

  9. Forming present-tense verbs • the first principal part is also the first person singular; just copy it • get the stem: from the second principal part, drop the final –re • to the stem, add the personal endings: -s, -t, -mus, -tis, -nt

  10. Example I • amō, amāre • 1st person singular: amō, “I love” • Stem: ama

  11. Example – Part II • Stem: amā • 2d sg. = ama + s = amas, “you love” • 3d sg. = ama + t = amat, “she loves” • 1st pl. = ama + mus = amamus, “we love” • 2d pl. = ama + tis = amatis, “you love” • 3d pl. = ama + tis = amant, “they love”

  12. Example II • moneō, monēre • 1st person singular: moneō, “I warn” • Stem: mone

  13. Example II – Part II • Stem: mone • 2d sg. = mone+ s = mones, “you warn” • 3d sg. = mone+ t = monet , “he warns” • 1st pl. = mone+mus = monemus , “we warn” • 2d pl. = mone+ tis = monetis , “you warn” • 3d pl. = mone+ nt = monent, “they warn”

  14. Translating the Present Tense • moneō • “I warn” • “I am warning” (present progressive) • “I do warn” (present emphatic)

  15. Present Tense of the Verb “To Be” • The verb “to be” is irregular in all languages. (Cf. I am, you are, she is, we were, they have been.) • It must simply be memorized. • The first two principal parts are sum, esse

  16. Present Forms of Sum, Esse • Sum, “I am” • Es, “you [sg.] are” • Est, “s/he is” • Sumus, “we are” • Estis, “y’all are” • Sunt, “they are”

  17. Similarity to Regular Verbs • Sum, “I am” • Es, “you [sg.] are” • Est, “s/he is” • Sumus, “we are” • Estis, “y’all are” • Sunt, “they are”

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