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Dr. Khaled F. Sherif Chief Administrative Officer Africa Region The World Bank

Dr. Khaled F. Sherif Chief Administrative Officer Africa Region The World Bank. Background The Egyptian Energy Sector. In recent years, the prolonged Egyptian summers have driven electrical demand beyond the country’s operating capacities

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Dr. Khaled F. Sherif Chief Administrative Officer Africa Region The World Bank

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  1. Dr. Khaled F. SherifChief Administrative Officer Africa RegionThe World Bank

  2. BackgroundThe Egyptian Energy Sector • In recent years, the prolonged Egyptian summers have driven electrical demand beyond the country’s operating capacities • Across Egypt—including within Cairo—the June, July and August months bring about constant and sometimes daily power outages • To curb supply shortages, street lights on main roads have been dimmed by 50 percent, electricity prices during peak hours have been tripled and laws have been mandated to reduce the daily consumption of citizens • Today, electricity, gas and oil remain partially subsidized in Egypt Source: United States Congressional Research Service Source: LA Times

  3. BackgroundThe Egyptian Energy Sector • The Aswan High Dam once generated as much as 60 percent of Egypt’s power • In 2008, hydro power represented 5 percent of Egypt’s power supply • Hydrocarbons are today dominant within Egypt’s energy sector • Egypt retains the largest oil refining sector in Africa, and some non-Egyptian crudes are currently imported for processing and re-export • To address growing energy needs, Egypt is anticipated to generate nuclear capabilities, build wind farms and support the introduction of renewable energy sources Energy Consumption in Egypt 2008 Source: Energy Information Administration Source: LA Times

  4. Oil and Gas SectorsThe Egyptian Energy Sector Egypt current exports 2.1 percent of the world’s natural gas supply, while consuming 1.5 percent Egypt’s oil sector consumption levels increased beyond its production in 2008, leading to the country to rely on low levels of imports to meet domestic demand Production Production Consumption Consumption

  5. 20 Percent by 2020The Egyptian Energy Sector Egypt’s Electricity Minister, Hassan Younis, last week announced the nation’s plan to increase energy production by 20 percent by 2020. Egypt will generate an additional 12 percent of energy from wind and 8 percent from solar and hydro Total energy from renewable sources has increased to over 10 percent Hydro power currently represents 8 percent A solar power generation station provides 140 megawatts of electricity The Supreme Council of Energy has approved decisions to promote the use of renewable energy Source: Energy Information Administration

  6. The Nuclear OptionThe Egyptian Energy Sector • Egypt has been working towards actively developing nuclear power in recent years • A 22-MW nuclear research reactor at Inshas has been in operation since 1997 • The Ministry of Electricity and Energy approved a 1,200 MW power station at al-Dab’a in 2010 • This is anticipated to become operational by 2019 • A further three additional plants are scheduled by 2025 Inshas, Egypt(Less than 50km from Cairo) Source: Google Earth Source: Energy Information Administration

  7. Impending ChallengesThe Egyptian Energy Sector According to Transparency International, rising sea levels mean Egypt's Nile Delta region is now regarded as being at "high risk" while the remainder of the country is said to be at "medium to low risk" from environmental change Given the significant transformation that is typical of the current transition, Transparency International has further identified less-than-targeted levels of foreign investment in recent years as a key risk The current Government is pursuing innovative strategies to address these issues and attract private investment, including granting lands to investors in exchange for a fraction of the energy produced annually, as well as tax exemptions for components and spare parts of renewable energy stations The ministries of electricity, finance, petroleum and environment will also form a joint committee to assess the creation of a fund to support the renewable energy projects in Egypt However, as Egypt works towards meeting its energy mandate, nuclear power and other energy needs will be intricately linked to another impending shortage: water.

  8. BackgroundThe Egyptian Water Sector Egypt has been steadily facing major increases in water demand, brought about by rapid population growth, urbanization, industrialization and increased agricultural activity 95 percent of drinking water demand in Egypt has been fulfilled via Nile water Ground water (in deserts), rainfall, floods and sea water desalination all represent only 5 percent of Egypt’s water supply The 1959 Nile waters treaty allocates 55.5 billion cubic meter of water per year to Egypt This is supported by the multi-year regulatory capacity provided by the Aswan High Dam Aswan Dam Lake Nasser

  9. Egypt’s Water SupplyThe Egyptian Water Sector Egypt’s drinking water withdrawal from the Nile has reached its maintainable limit and drinking water withdrawal from ground water is increasing steadily In 1996, Egypt attained “scarcity” status (fewer than 1,000 meters cubed per person per year) A deficit of 2.5 billion cubic meters (over 2.5 percent of annual water demand) is projected by 2017 Egypt's water situation has been adversely affected bv desertification (due to expansion of cities), soil erosion by wind, contamination of soils by irrigation with insufficient treated waste water, overuse of pesticides and fertilizers, as well as salinization Waste water disposal is not yet sufficiently developed in Egypt Water collection systems and waste water treatment plants are overloaded due to the continuously growing population The Nile Delta Source: Institute for Water and Environmental Protection Technology

  10. Egypt’s Water SupplyThe Egyptian Water Sector • Rainfall in Egypt is minimal and does not represent a reliable source of water • The country averages 18 millimeters per year, with rainfall primarily occurring in the autumn and winter seasons • Treated domestic sewage is being recycled for irrigation—with and without blending with fresh water • This continues to represent a very small portion of Egypt’s water supply • Sea water desalination is only used in isolated areas of the country and has been deemed a lot priority because of its very high costs • It has been practiced more in coastal areas, primarily serving local and international tourists who can afford the high cost of the water • Groundwater desalination units are also in use at several locations in Sinai as water supply for Bedouins Source: Egypt’s Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation (2010)

  11. Egypt’s Groundwater SupplyThe Egyptian Water Sector Egypt has four main groundwater aquifers: the Nile Aquifer, the Nubian Sandstone Aquifer, the Moghra Aquifer and the Coastal Aquifer The Nile Aquifer, the Moghra Aquifer and the Coastal Aquifer are renewable The Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System is non-renewable It is shared with Sudan, Chad and Libya It contains 150,000 billion cubic meters of freshwater, equivalent to almost 3,000 times the annual flow of the Nile The Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System Source: The Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation; Arab Republic of Egypt (2005) and Encyclopedia of the Earth (2008)

  12. The Nile Basin InitiativeThe Egyptian Water Sector A dispute over Nile water quotas erupted in 2009 and escalated in 20l0 between the upstream and the downstream countries However, a compromising solution was reached after Egyptian delegations headed to Uganda and Ethiopia in 2011 Egypt made offers of financial support to upstream countries The Government has opted to support a number of development projects, including training in upstream nations of the Nile This is part of Egypt’s Cooperation Fund for Africa

  13. Use of Egypt’s Water SupplyThe Egyptian Water Sector • The Egyptian agricultural sector continues to dominate consumption of Egypt’s water supply • Yet, local and international media report water shortages across numerous villages throughout Egypt—particularly during the summer months • Municipal water systems serve major urban and rural villages—with 95 percent of the population relies on piped water supply • Sanitary facilities are less developed, with only 50 percent of the urban population and 20 percent of the rural population connected to a sewage system • The industrial sector continues to remain a strategic priority, and over 85 percent of its water returns to the system in a polluted form • The overall efficiency of the Nile system in Egypt is about 75 percent Water Consumption in Egypt 2009 Source: Egypt’s Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation (2010)

  14. Impending ChallengesThe Egyptian Water Sector • Egypt is focusing on expanding its access to water in order to serve its growing agricultural, industrial and municipal needs • Egypt has been exploring the development of groundwater, re-use of irrigation drainage water, reduction of pollution and re-use of treated waste water, capturing flash floods, rainwater harvesting in suitable areas and desalination of sea water (in limited contexts) • It is also seeking to decrease water demands by upgrading and rehabilitating water supply systems to reduce losses • Egypt is committing to improving water quality and river flow conditions to preserve biodiversity and aquatic life • The nation must continue to address soil erosion, desertification, aquatic weeds, and sea water intrusion in the Nile delta Source: Nile Basin Initiative – Egypt Country Profile

  15. Desalination: A “Must”?The Egyptian Water Sector • Water desalination is widely practiced across the Gulf States—contributing significantly to the region’s water supply • Within Egypt, desalination has been used in a very limited capacity, primarily servicing tourist areas and Bedouin sites—although more recently, it has been used to service pools in tourist areas to curb supply shortages after the revolutions • Egypt's future vision is atypical in the field of desalination • It emphasizes the use of renewable energy—in particular solar energy—to be harnessed for operating high compression pumps for reverse osmosis modular systems • This is because Egypt has great potential of brackish water wells, significant amounts of solar radiation in remote areas and numerous development projects and water needs at a distance from the Nile • It appears all but certain, however, that desalination must be pursued if Egypt is to meet its water needs over the coming decade Source: National Water Research Center (2009)

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