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Reducing CO 2 Emissions From Fossil Fuel Power Plants

Reducing CO 2 Emissions From Fossil Fuel Power Plants. EPGA’s 3 rd Annual Power Generation Conference October 16-17, 2002 Hershey, Pennsylvania. Scott M. Klara - National Energy Technology Laboratory. National Energy Technology Laboratory. One of DOE’s 17 national labs

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Reducing CO 2 Emissions From Fossil Fuel Power Plants

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  1. Reducing CO2 Emissions From Fossil Fuel Power Plants EPGA’s 3rd Annual Power Generation Conference October 16-17, 2002 Hershey, Pennsylvania Scott M. Klara - National Energy Technology Laboratory

  2. National Energy Technology Laboratory • One of DOE’s 17 national labs • Government owned/operated • Sites in Pennsylvania, West Virginia, Oklahoma, Alaska • More than 1,100 federal and support contractor employees • FY 02 budget of $750 million

  3. Diverse research portfolio 60 external projects Onsite focus area Strong industry support 40% cost share Portfolio funding $100M Carbon Sequestration: A Dynamic ProgramSeparation & Capture From Power Plants Plays Key Role Administration Request Senate House Budget (Million $) Fiscal Year

  4. Technology R&D Pathways

  5. Where Is The Problem?CO2 & CH4 - The Primary GHG Contributors United States Greenhouse Gas Emissions (Equivalent Global Warming Basis) Other CO2 3% Methane 9% CO2 from Energy 81% Nitrous Oxide 5% HFCs, PFCs, SF6 2% “EIA Emissions of Greenhouse Gases in the U.S.: 2000”

  6. Fossil Fuel’s Inherent CO2 Disadvantage Source: NETL Combustion Calculations - HHV Basis

  7. Transportation 33% Electricity 38% Other 29% Natural Gas 21% Coal 37% Oil 42% Coal & Electricity Are Major CO2 Contributors 1998 United States CO2 Emissions (Million Metric Tons Per Year Carbon Equivalent) (Total Emissions = 1450) By Fossil Fuel Type By Sector Source: EPA, Inventory of Greenhouse Gas Emissions, 2000

  8. Greenhouse Gas Emission Will Grow Source: EIA International Energy Outlook 2002

  9. Technological Carbon Management Options Improve Efficiency Sequester Carbon Reduce Carbon Intensity • Renewables • Nuclear • Fuel Switching • Demand Side • Supply Side • Capture & Store • Enhance Natural Sinks • All options needed to: • Affordably meet energy demand • Address environmental objectives

  10. Increased Efficiency Reduces CO2 Emissions> 25% Reduction With Current & Future Technology PC (2000) IGCC (2000) Coal PC (2010) Generation Technology IGCC (2010) All Technologies With Sequestration Gas NGCC (2000) NGCC (2010) Percent Reduction in CO2 Emissions (Relative to Average PC Plant in 1999) NETL, Scott Klara

  11. Can Methane Combustion Reduce GWP? 87% Reduction in Global Warming Potential Versus Fugitive Release Natural Gas (1 mole) Global Warming Potential* (g CO2- eq) Direct Atmospheric Emission 336 87% GWP Reduction 44 Natural Gas (1 mole) Combustion *100-Year Time Horizon GWP for Methane = 21 g CO2/g CH4 Source: Energy Information Administration

  12. Separation and Capture Highlights Many Advanced Integrated Schemes Emerging Pulverized Coal Membranes Advanced Scrubbers New Sorbents Mineral Carbonation Coal Gasification CO2 Hydrates Membranes Advanced Scrubbers Cheap Oxygen Pathways to Zero Emissions • Producing a Concentrated Stream of CO2 at High Pressure • Improves Sequestration Economics • Reduces Energy Penalty

  13. Shift Reactor Gas Cleanup Particulate Removal CO2 Sequestration Particulates Sulfur Byproduct Stack Generator Electric Power Electric Power CO2 Sequestered Gasification Plant(Scrubbing, Membranes, Lower Cost O2, Hydrates) *** CO2 Sequestration Module *** CO2 Separation CO2 Gasifier Hydrogen Hydrogen Combustor Gaseous Constituents Oxygen Compressed Air Air Sep Fuel Cells Coal, Petroleum coke, Biomass Waste, etc. Air *** Fuel Cell Module *** Solids Steam Combustion Turbine Air HRSG Steam Steam Turbine

  14. CO2 Sequestration Stack Generator Electric Power CO2 Sequestered PC Plant(Scrubbing, Membranes) ** CO2 Sequestration Module ** CO2 Drying & Comp. Boiler Gas Cleanup CO2 Separation Coal Air Baghouse AH2 Flyash Recycle Sulfur By Products Steam Turbine Economizer

  15. CO2 Sequestration Electric Power CO2 Sequestered PC Plant(O2 Combustion, Lower Cost O2) Boiler ** CO2 Sequestration Module ** Gas Cleanup CO2 Drying & Comp Baghouse Coal Air Flue Gas Recycling O2 Flyash Recycle Air SeparationPlant Sulfur By Products Steam Turbine Generator Solid By Products Economizer

  16. Sequestration - Not Just About CO2(Near Zero Emissions Concept) • Sequester traditional pollutants & CO2 • Avoid costs, energy & complexity of controlling traditional pollutants • Provide major cost & energy offsets for CO2 capture & sequestration • Substantially reduce footprint and complexity of plants Pulverized Coal Power Plant Gasification Energy Plant Nitrous Oxides Sulfur Dioxide Carbon Dioxide Hydrogen Sulfide Carbon Dioxide Permanently Sequester All Gaseous Emissions

  17. Substantial Energy Penalty of CO2 CaptureWith State-of-Art Scrubbing Technologies Source: DOE-EPRI Report 1000316, 12/2000

  18. Substantial Capital Cost Impact of CO2 CaptureWith State-of-Art Scrubbing Technologies Source: DOE-EPRI Report 1000316, 12/2000

  19. Substantial COE Impact of CO2 CaptureWith State-of-Art Scrubbing Technologies Source: DOE-EPRI Report 1000316, 12/2000

  20. Capital Costs Operating Costs IGCC for New Plants Retrofit for Amortized Plants What About Existing Coal Fleet?Existing Fleet Can Compete! New IGCC Plant New PC Plant Coal Generation Technology Fully Amortized PC Plant Gas Price Sensitivity <----- ($2 to $6 /106 Btu) ------> New NGCC Plant Levelized Cost of Electricity (cents/kWh for Plants with CO2 Capture) Sources: Derived From NETL, EPRI, Alstrom

  21. A Challenging Road Ahead !!!! CO2 Scrubbing IGCC Range of Options PC O2 Combustion or CO2 Scrubbing NGCC CO2 Scrubbing Zero Emissions Sequestration Oxygen Combustion Membranes Advanced Sorbents & Processes DOE Goal Percent Increase in Levelized Cost of Electricity (Relative to No Capture Counterparts) Sources: Derived From NETL, EPRI, Alstom

  22. Visit Our NETL Sequestration Websitewww.netl.doe.gov/coalpower/sequestration/

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