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Universal Relay Family

Universal Relay Family. Protection Overview. Contents. Configurable Sources FlexLogic™ and Distributed FlexLogic™ L90 – Line Differential Relay D60 – Line Distance Relay T60 – Transformer Management Relay B30 – Bus Differential Relay F60 – Feeder Management Relay.

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Universal Relay Family

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  1. Universal Relay Family Protection Overview

  2. Contents... Configurable Sources FlexLogic™ and Distributed FlexLogic™ L90 – Line Differential Relay D60 – Line Distance Relay T60 – Transformer Management Relay B30 – Bus Differential Relay F60 – Feeder Management Relay

  3. Configurable Sources Universal Relay Family

  4. Concept of ‘Sources’ Source Protection Metering I  51P W A V I Universal Relay • Configure multiple three phase current and voltage inputs from different points on the power system into Sources • Sources are then inputs to Metering and Protection elements

  5. Sources: Typical Applications • Breaker-and-a-half schemes • Multi-winding (multi-restraint) Transformers • Busbars • Multiple Feeder applications • Multiple Meter • Synchrocheck

  6. Sources Example 1: Breaker-and-a-Half Scheme

  7. Sources Example 1: Traditional Relay Application

  8. Sources Example 1: Inputs into the Universal Relay CT2 VT1 CT3 CT1

  9. Sources Example 1: Universal Relay solution using Sources Universal Relay

  10. Sources Example 2:Breaker-and-a-Half Scheme with 3-Winding Transformer

  11. Sources Example 2: Inputs into the Universal Relay CT2 VT1 CT4 CT3 CT1

  12. Sources Example 2: Universal Relay solution using Sources Universal Relay

  13. Sources Example 3: Busbar with 5 feeders Multiple Feeder + Busbar

  14. Sources Example 3: Inputs into the Universal Relay CT2 VT1 CT4 CT5 CT3 CT1

  15. Universal Relay Sources Example 3: Universal Relay solution using Sources

  16. FlexLogicTM&Distributed FlexLogicTM Universal Relay Family

  17. Universal Relay: Functional Architecture Metering Analog Inputs Computed Parameters Protection & Control Elements Digital Inputs Programmable Logic (FlexLogic™) Virtual Outputs Digital Outputs Virtual Inputs Remote Inputs Remote Outputs Hardware Software Ethernet (Fiber) A/D DSP Ethernet LAN (Dual Redundant Fiber)

  18. Distributed FlexLogic Example 1:2 out of 3 Trip Logic Voting Scheme LOCAL RELAY Local: Trip AND Remote Input: Trip Relay 2 Digital Output ENABLE Local: Trip OR AND 0ms Remote Input: Trip Relay 3 0ms ENABLE Remote Output Remote Input: Trip Relay 2 AND Remote Input: Trip Relay 3 ENABLE Substation LAN RELAY 3 RELAY 2 Local RELAY

  19. Distributed FlexLogic Example 1:Implementation of 2 out of 3 Voting Scheme

  20. TIME Transformer TOC Curve Coordination Time Accelerated Transformer TOC Curve Feeder TOC Curve Current Pick-Up Level Distributed FlexLogic Example 2:Transformer Overcurrent Acceleration Animation Substation LAN: 10/100 Mbps Ethernet (Dual Redundant Fiber) Transformer IED: IF Phase or Ground TOC pickup THEN send GOOSE message to ALL Feeder IEDs. Feeder IEDs: Send “No Fault” GOOSE if no TOC pickup ELSE Send “Fault” GOOSE if TOC pickup. Transformer IED: If “No Fault” GOOSE from any Feeder IED then switch to accelerated TOC curve.

  21. FlexLogic: Benefits • FlexLogic™ • Tailor your scheme logic to suit the application • Avoid custom software modifications • Distributed FlexLogic™ • Across the substation LAN (at 10/100Mpbs) allows high-speed adaptive protection and coordination • Across a power system WAN (at 155Mpbs using SONET system) allows high-speed control and automation

  22. L90Line Differential Relay Universal Relay Family

  23. L90 Current Differential Relay: Features • Protection: • Line current differential (87L) • Trip logic • Phase/Neutral/Ground TOCs • Phase/Neutral/Ground IOCs • Negative sequence TOC • Negative sequence IOC • Phase directional OCs • Neutral directional OC • Phase under- and overvoltage • Distance back-up

  24. L90 Current Differential Relay: Features • Control: • Breaker Failure (phase/neutral amps) • Synchrocheck & Autoreclosure • Direct messaging (8 extra inter-relay DTT bits exchanged) • Metering: • Fault Locator • Oscillography • Event Recorder • Data Logger • Phasors / true RMS / active, reactive and apparent power, power factor

  25. L90 Current Differential Relay: Overview Direct point-to-point Fiber (up to 70Km) (64Kbps) - G.703 - RS422 - G.703 - RS422 OR Via SONET system telecom multiplexer (GE’s FSC) (155Mbps) FSC (SONET) FSC (SONET)

  26. L90 Current Differential Relay: Line Current Differential • Improved operation of the line current differential (87L) element: • dynamic restraint increasing security without jeopardizing sensitivity • line charge current compensation to increase sensitivity • self-synchronization

  27. L90 Current Differential Relay: Traditional Restraint Method K2 Operate Current K1 Restraint Current • Traditional method is STATIC • Compromise between Sensitivity and Security

  28. L90 Current Differential Relay: Dynamic Restraint • Dynamic restraint uses an estimate of a measurement error to dynamically increase the restraint • On-line estimation of an error is possible owing to digital measuring techniques • In digital relaying to measure means to calculate or to estimate a given signal feature such as magnitude from the raw samples of the signal waveform

  29. L90 Current Differential Relay: DigitalPhasor Measurement • The L90 measures the current phasors (magnitude and phase angle) as follows: • digital pre-filtering is applied to remove the decaying dc component and a great deal of high frequency distortions • the line charging current is estimated and used to compensate the differential signal • full-cycle Fourier algorithm is used to estimate the magnitude and phase angle of the fundamental frequency (50 or 60Hz) signal

  30. L90 Current Differential Relay: DigitalPhasor Measurement window time time Sliding Data Window present time waveform magnitude

  31. L90 Current Differential Relay: DigitalPhasor Measurement window window window window window window window window time time Sliding Data Window waveform magnitude

  32. L90 Current Differential Relay: Goodness of Fit window time • A sum of squared differences between the actual waveform and an ideal sinusoid over last window is a measure of a “goodness of fit” (a measurement error)

  33. L90 Current Differential Relay: Phasor Goodness of Fit • The goodness of fit is an accuracy index for the digital measurement • The goodness of fit reflects inaccuracy due to: • transients • CT saturation • inrush currents and other signal distortions • The goodness of fit is used by the L90 to alter the traditional restraint signal (dynamic restraint)

  34. L90 Current Differential Relay: Operate-Restraint Regions Imaginary (ILOC/IREM) OPERATE OPERATE RESTRAINT Real (ILOC/IREM) OPERATE OPERATE ILOC – local current IREM – remote end current

  35. L90 Current Differential Relay: Dynamic Restraint Dynamic restraint signal = Traditional restraint signal + Error factor Imaginary (ILOC/IREM) OPERATE Error factor is high Real (ILOC/IREM) REST. Error factor is low

  36. L90 Current Differential Relay: Charge Current Compensation • The L90 calculates the instantaneous values of the line charging current using the instantaneous values of the terminal voltage and shunt parameters of the line • The calculated charging current is subtracted from the actually measured terminal current • The compensation reduces the spurious differential current and allows for more sensitive settings

  37. L90 Current Differential Relay: Charge Current Compensation • The compensating algorithm: • is accurate over wide range of frequencies • works with shunt reactors installed on the line • works in steady state and during transients • works with both wye- and delta-connected VTs (for delta VTs the accuracy of compensation is limited)

  38. L90 Current Differential Relay: Effect of Compensation Localandremotevoltages Voltage, V time, sec

  39. L90 Current Differential Relay: Effect of Compensation Traditionalandcompensateddifferential currents (waveforms) Current, A time, sec

  40. L90 Current Differential Relay: Effect of Compensation Traditionalandcompensateddifferential currents (magnitudes) Current, A time, sec

  41. L90 Current Differential Relay: Self-Synchronization RELAY 1 RELAY 2 t0 Forward travel time tf t1 Relay turn-around time “ping-pong” t2 Return travel time tr t3

  42. L90 Current Differential Relay: Ping-Pong (example) Relay 1 Relay 2 Send start bit Store T1i-3=0 0 Initial clocks mismatch=1.4ms or 30° Communication path Send start bit Store T2i-3=0 0 8.33 ms Capture T2i-2=2.3 5.1 2.3 Capture T1i-2=5.1 8.33 ms Send T1i-2=5.1 8.33 8.33 Send T2i-2=2.3 Store T1i-2=5.1 8.33 ms 13.43 10.53 Store T2i-2=2.3 8.33 ms Send T1i-1=16.66 16.66 16.66 Send T2i-1=16.66 8.33 ms Store T1i-1=8.33 Capture T2i=18.96 21.76 Store T2i-1=8.33 Capture T1i=21.76 18.96 T2i-3=0 T1i-2=5.1 T1i-1=16.66 T2i=18.96 a2=5.1-0=5.1 b2=18.96-16.66=2.3 2=(5.1-2.3)/2= = +1.4ms (behind) T1i-3=0 T2i-2=2.3 T2i-1=16.66 T1i=21.76 a1=2.3-0=2.3 b1=21.76-16.66=5.1 1=(2.3-5.1)/2= = -1.4ms (ahead) Speed up Slow down 30° 0° t1 t2

  43. L90 Current Differential Relay: Ping-Pong (example cnt.) Relay 1 Relay 2 33.32 Store T1i-3=33.32 33.32 Store T2i-3=33.32 8.52 ms Capture T2i-2=35.62 38.28 35.62 Capture T1i-2=38.28 8.14 ms 41.55 Send T1i-2=38.28 41.55 Send T2i-2=35.62 8.52 ms Store T1i-2=38.28 Store T2i-2=35.62 8.14 ms Send T1i-1=50.00 50.00 49.93 Send T2i-1=49.93 8.52 ms 53.16 54.03 Store T1i-1=50.00 Capture T2i=53.16 Store T2i-1=49.93 Capture T1i=54.03 8.14 ms T2i-3=33.32 T1i-2=38.28 T1i-1=50.00 T2i=53.16 a2=38.28-33.32=4.96 b2=53.16-50.00=3.16 2=(4.96-3.16)/2= = +0.9ms (behind) T1i-3=33.32 T2i-2=35.62 T2i-1=49.93 T1i=54.03 a1=35.62-33.32=2.3 b1=54.03-49.93=4.1 1=(2.3-4.1)/2= = -0.9ms (ahead) Speed up Slow down 0° 30° 19.5° t1 t2

  44. L90 Current Differential Relay: Digital “Flywheel” • If communications is lost, sample clocks continue to “free wheel” • Long term accuracy is only a function of the base crystal stability “Virtual Shaft” clock 1 clock 2

  45. L90 Current Differential Relay: Peer-to-Peer Operation • Each relay has sufficient information to make an independent decision • Communication redundancy L90-2 L90-1 L90-3

  46. L90 Current Differential Relay: Master-Slave Operation • At least one relay has sufficient information to make an independent decision • The deciding relay(s) sends a transfer-trip command to all other relays L90-2 L90-1 Data (currents) L90-3 Transfer Trip

  47. L90 Current Differential Relay: Benefits • Increased Sensitivity without sacrificing Security: • Fast operation (11.5 cycles) • Lower restraint settings / higher sensitivity • Charging current compensation • Dynamic restraint ensures security during CT saturation or transient conditions • Reduced CT requirements • Direct messaging • Increased redundancy due to master-master configuration

  48. L90 Current Differential Relay: Benefits • Self-Synchronization: • No external synchronizing signal required • Two or three terminal applications • Communication path delay adjustment • Redundancy for loss of communications • Benefits of the UR platform (back-up protection, autoreclosure, breaker failure, metering and oscillography, event recorder, data logger, FlexLogicTM, fast peer-to-peer communications)

  49. D60Line Distance Relay Universal Relay Family

  50. D60 Line Distance Relay: Features • Protection: • Four zones of distance protection • Pilot schemes • Phase/Neutral/Ground TOCs • Phase/Neutral/Ground IOCs • Negative sequence TOC • Negative sequence IOC • Phase directional OCs • Neutral directional OC • Negative sequence directional OC

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