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How does the universe expand?

How does the universe expand?. What is expansion? Newtonian derivation of FRW-equations Problems with FRW: causality General Relativity derivation of FRW-equations. What is expansion?. Newtonian Derivation. FRW-equations. Special Relativity: . 2 postulates:

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How does the universe expand?

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  1. How does the universe expand? • What is expansion? • Newtonian derivation of FRW-equations • Problems with FRW: causality • General Relativity derivation of FRW-equations

  2. What is expansion?

  3. Newtonian Derivation

  4. FRW-equations

  5. Special Relativity: 2 postulates: • The laws of physics are the same for all observers • The speed of light is equal to the same constant for all observers

  6. Causality Space-time according to O2: The guy who is running from O1 to the TV Space-time according to O1: The guy who’s watching TV

  7. The OPERA-experiment

  8. GR-derivation of FRW-equations • Events given by 4-vectors • A tensor, like , is a generalised matrix • Metric tensor defines distances • Indices are raised/lowered by and it’s matrix inverse: • Energy momentum tensor is • Einstein’s equation (16 equations!) is:

  9. Homogeneity & Isotropy demand: Flat space, k = 0 and sum = 180° Spherical space, k = +1, sum > 180° Hyperbolical space, k = -1, sum < 180°

  10. The calculation • Put this into Einstein’s equation (16!): • Mathematicagives: only 2 independent equations: k = 0 Flat space k = +1 Spherical space k = -1 Hyperbolical space

  11. Conclusion: How Does the universe expand? Homogeneity & Isotropy: Gravity: Equation of state: Special relativity demands v < c if causality should hold Does not apply for distant galaxies, since communication is impossible

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