Feeding BioFuels Co-products to Livestock: Challenges to Animal Health NIAA, Sacramento, 4/2/07

1. Feeding BioFuels Co-products to Livestock:Challenges to Animal HealthNIAA, Sacramento, 4/2/07 Gavin L Meerdink, DVM, D.ABVT

2. Where to put the corn . . . . ?

3. User Definitions: Based on consistency of product • Coproduct • the output of a consistent process • materials from a “consistent,” quality conscious manufacturing process which has “predictable” food value • (distillers grains, corn gluten, soy hulls, etc.) • Byproduct • material with inconsistent ingredients or quality that can not be used for original intended purpose • inconsistent materials; may be unknown constituents • (corn screenings, gin trash, rejected grains, off-spec food ingredients, litter, rinse water, etc.)

4. ETHANOL

5. Confusion • DG distiller’s grains • DGS distiller’s grains with solubles • DDGS distiller’s dried grains with solubles • Corn gluten feed--wet • Corn gluten feed • Corn gluten meal • Brewers dried grains • Malt sprouts • Distillers dried grains

6. 2 Ethanol plant process types • Wet Milling • Dry Grind

7. Ethanol plant process types • Wet Milling • 1st: fractionation • steep in weak sulfurous acid solution • starch, germ, fiber, protein • Starch: hi fructose corn syrup ethanol → DDGS (minor source) • Fiber: corn gluten feed (wet or dry) • Protein: corn gluten meal

8. Ethanol plant process types • Wet Milling • Dry Grind • Entire corn kernel ground, initial process • Fermentation → ethanol → DDGS • Most of the ethanol from dry grind process plants

9. Issues for Health, corn coproducts • Variability (plant to plant; load to load) • Routine analyses ‘may be’ warranted • wet wt. v. dry wt.

10. Issues for Health, corn coproducts • Variability (plant to plant; load to load) • Phosphorus • Ca:P ratios in cattle diets can vary 1:1 to 7:1 • If < 1:1 problem

11. Composition % D.M. (NRC 1982)

13. Issues for Health, corn coproducts • Variability (plant to plant; load to load) • Phosphorus → urolithiasis • urinary calculi, calculosis, “water belly”, kidney stones • Inversion of Ca:P ratio • Mg also a factor • Also “high” in DDGS and CGF • Max tolerated, ruminant diets ~ 0.4%

14. Issues for Health, corn coproducts • Variability (plant to plant; load to load) • Phosphorus → urolithiasis • Sulphur → Polioencephalomalacia • S concentrations > ~0.25 % hazard • (difficult interpretation: multiple S compounds besides sulfates and sulfides . . . AA, organic S’s, 5 oxidation states) • Copper (low diet—relation) • Gradual diet incorporation: especially naïve animals

15. Composition % D.M. (NRC 1982)

16. Issues for Health, corn coproducts • Variability (plant to plant; load to load) • Phosphorus → urolithiasis • Sulphur → sulfates • Copper deficiency • Given affinity of Cu and SO4’s, DDGS & CGF have been implicated in decreased Cu absorption

19. Issues for Health, corn coproducts: Other • Whatever else came with Corn + plant additions during processing • Mycotoxins (do survive processing) • Aflatoxins: year/region; milk residues • Ochratoxin: potential, regional • Fumonisins: hazard in equine diets • Antimicrobial agents (processing aids) • Virginiamycin, others (?) • Residues (animal products, environment)

20. Future? ( . . for example) • US Dept of Energy investment $385 mil in six plants throughout US: • “Cellulosic ethanol conversion technologies & commercialization” • Research on novel source materials: • plant cellulose materials, e.g., stovers, straws, grasses, cobs, etc. • Vegetable wastes • Wood chips • Landfill green & wood waste

21. BIODIESEL • Sources: What are they? • Soybeans • other oil seed sources • Lipids . . other sources • What are the coproducts??

22. Biodiesel CoProducts issues: • Glycerin (glycerol) • Energy source • Nutritional research needed • Methanol . . • Animals, particularly ruminants, less sensitive to methanol than humans • CO2 + H2O –> O=CH–OH (formate) –> O=CH2 (formaldehyde) –> CH3–OH (methanol) –> CH4 (methane)

23. Biodiesel CoProducts issues: • Source dependent • e.g., raw soybeans do contain antimetabolite compounds • Residues • Particularly from non-ag crop residues??

24. Contamination: e.g., Dioxins • Twenty dioxin (D)/furan (F)/polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners were measured in yellow grease (waste fats and oils from restaurants) and in rendered fat from cattle, poultry, swine and mixed animal species (8 -18 samples per commodity). The total D/F/PCB levels found ranged from 0 to 1.6 parts per trillion (ppt) toxic equivalents (TEQ). These levels were below the 3.0 ppt TEQ maximum residue limit (MRL) recently proposed by the European Communities (EC) for D/F/PCB in animal fat. (Dr. Lovell, FDA, 2005)

25. Grain CoProducts use future: • CoProducts will change as processes change for extraction of new product • New product extraction techniques • Economics • Tax abatements • Source commodities prices • Processing costs/efficiencies • More attention will be focused toward coproducts when profit from them is needed.

26. Presently: “The SAFETY of grains coproducts at this time ultimately rests upon the user.” * * * * Eventually: Plants should become more involved with product safety and problem investigation. (for their own protection)

27. Acknowledgements • Ronald Belyea, U. of Mo • Kent Rausch, U of IL • Mike Tumbleson, U of IL • V. J. Singh, U of IL Rausch, Belyea: The future of Coproducts from corn processing. Appl Bioch Biotech 128(47-85), 2006. Mineral Tolerances of Animals, 2nd Rev Edition. NRC of the National Academies, 2005

28. Cost Comparisons (Feedstuffs; 3/26/07; Chicago)