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PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS

PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS. MEDICAL MODEL APPLIED TO ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR. Medical model proposes that it is useful to think of abnormal behavior as a disease Critics: Thomas Szasz —mind can’t be sick Diagnosis : distinguish one illness from another

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PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS

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  1. PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS

  2. MEDICAL MODEL APPLIED TO ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR • Medical modelproposes that it is useful to think of abnormal behavior as a disease • Critics: Thomas Szasz—mind can’t be sick • Diagnosis: distinguish one illness from another • Etiology: causation and developmental history of an illness • Prognosis: forecast about probable course of an illness

  3. CRITERIA OF ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR • Deviance: deviating from society’s norms • Maladaptive behavior: struggling to adapt • Personal distress: usually depression and/or anxiety disorders • Evolutionary psychs believe mental disorders should be referred to as evolutionary dysfunctions

  4. STEREOTYPES OF PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS • 1) Psych disorders are incurable • 2) People w/psych disorders are often violent and dangerous • 3) People w/psych disorders behave in bizarre ways and are very different from normal people

  5. PSYCHODIAGNOSIS: CLASSIFICATION OF DISORDERS • 1952: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) describes 100 disorders • 1980: DSM-III---new classification system • Axes I and II diagnose disorders • Axes III-V are supplemental info

  6. PREVALENCE OF PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS • Epidemiology: the study of the distribution of mental or physical disorders • Prevalence: percentage of population that exhibits a disorder during a specific time period • DSM criteria: 1/3 of pop. has some psych disorder

  7. ANXIETY DISORDERS A class of disorders marked by feelings of excessive apprehension and anxiety

  8. GENERALIZED ANXIETY DISORDER • DEF: marked by a chronic, high level of anxiety that is not tied to any specific threat • Called “free-floating anxiety” • Worry about minor matters • Physical symptoms: trembling, muscle tension, diarrhea, dizziness, faintness, sweating, heart palpitations

  9. PHOBIC DISORDERS • DEF: marked by a persistent and irrational fear of an object or situation that presents no realistic danger • Even imagining the object can trigger anxiety

  10. PANIC DISORDER AND AGORAPHOBIA • Panic disorder: characterized by recurrent attacks of overwhelming anxiety that usually occur suddenly and unexpectedly • Agoraphobia: fear of going out to public places • Majority who suffer from one or both are female

  11. OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE DISORDER • OCD: marked by persistent, uncontrollable intrusions of unwanted thoughts and urges to engage in senseless rituals • Obsessions are thoughts • Compulsions are actions

  12. ETIOLOGY OF ANXIETY DISORDERS

  13. BIOLOGICAL FACTORS • Concordance rate: indicates the percentage of twin pairs or other pairs of relatives that exhibit the same disorders • Anxiety sensitivity • Neurotransmitters

  14. CONDITIONING AND LEARNING • Anxiety responses are acquired by classical conditioning • They are maintained by operant conditioning • Phobias could be evolutionary • Observational learning may also play a part

  15. COGNITIVE FACTORS • Some are more likely to have anxiety b/c they tend to: • 1) misinterpret harmless situations as threatening • 2) focus excessive attention on perceived threats • 3) selectively recall info that seems threatening

  16. PERSONALITY AND STRESS • Certain personality traits appear to be related to likelihood of anxiety • Neuroticism---nervous, jittery, insecure, guilt-prone, gloomy

  17. SOMATOFORM DISORDERS Physical ailments that cannot be fully explained by organic conditions and are largely due to psychological factors

  18. SOMATIZATION DISORDER • DEF: marked by a history of diverse physical complaints that appear to be psychological in origin • Usually a very diverse array of symptoms

  19. CONVERSION DISORDER • DEF: characterized by a significant loss of physical function (w/no apparent organic basis), usually in a single organ system

  20. HYPOCHONDRIASIS • DEF: characterized by excessive preoccupation w/health concerns and incessant worry about developing physical illnesses • Usually coupled w/ anxiety disorders and depression

  21. ETIOLOGY OF SOMATOFORM DISORDERS

  22. PERSONALITY FACTORS • Histrionic personality most prevalent • Self-centered, suggestible, excitable, highly emotional, overly dramatic • Neuroticism also common

  23. THE SICK ROLE • Being sick is a way to avoid life’s challenges • Creates an excuse for failure • Gets attention from others

  24. DISSOCIATIVE DISORDERS Class of disorders in which people lose contact w/portions of their consciousness or memory, resulting in disruptions in their sense of identity

  25. DISSOCIATIVE AMNESIA AND FUGUE • Dissociative Amnesia: sudden loss of memory for important personal info that is too extensive to be due to normal forgetting • Dissociative Fugue: loss of memory for entire life along with sense of identity

  26. DISSOCIATIVE IDENTITY DISORDER • DID: involves the coexistence in one person of 2 or more largely complete, and usually very different, personalities • Personalities usually unaware of each other • Alternate personalities exhibit traits unusual for original personality

  27. ETIOLOGY OF DISSOCIATIVE DISORDERS • Nicholas Spanos: DID patients are merely role-playing to mask personal failure • Trauma does seem to be the main cause of development of DID

  28. MOOD DISORDERS Class of disorders marked by emotional disturbances of varied kinds that may spill over to disrupt physical, perceptual, social, and thought processes

  29. MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER • DEF: show persistent feelings of sadness and despair and a loss of interest in previous sources of pleasure • Depression can occur at any point in life • Dysthynic disorder: chronic depression that is insufficient in severity to justify diagnosis of a major depressive episode

  30. BIPOLAR DISORDER • DEF: characterized by the experience of one or more manic episodes usually accompanied by periods of depression • Cyclothymic disorder: exhibit chronic but relatively mild symptoms of bipolar disturbance

  31. ETIOLOGY OF MOOD DISORDERS

  32. GENETIC VULNERABILITY • Heredity can create a predisposition • Environmental factors may determine if it becomes an actual disorder

  33. NEUROCHEMICAL FACTORS • Norepinephrine and serotonin thought to be the main NT’s • Recent studies are showing that other NT’s may be involved

  34. COGNITIVE FACTORS • Depression caused by Learned helplessness---a passive “giving up” • People with pessimistic explanatory style are most susceptible to depression • Hopelessness theory: pessimistic style, high stress, low self-esteem, etc… create depression • Basically…negative thoughts and emotions lead to and maintain depression

  35. INTERPERSONAL ROOTS • Behaviorist approach • Inadequate social skills lead to depression • Depressed people are depressing

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