America Begins

1. America Begins A brief look at the discovery and colonization of the New World, with particular emphasis on the English lands in North America.

2. Overview • Motives for exploration and colonization-Spain • England Arrives—How & Why? 1. The Southern Colonies 2. New England Colonies 3. Middle Colonies

3. 2. Why Explore? 2. Why? For God, Gold, Glory & Geography a. God—Defeat of Moors & Conversion & Counter-Reformation b. Gold--$ is good for governments—trade is heavily controlled by the State. c. Glory—individual adventurers sought to make a name and some $ for themselves d. Geography—colonies were meant to support the mother country—land (resources + markets) = $.

4. a. For God Defeat of the Moors After centuries of intermittent warfare, the Spaniards finally defeated the Islamic Caliphate of Granada. The Moors—and the Jews—were subsequently given the option of converting to Christianity, leaving the country, or being slain. Since their conversions were “suspect,” usually they were killed or exiled. Force was a perfectly acceptable way to “convert” people to Christianity.

5. a. For God (continued) The Counter-Reformation The rise of Protestantism in northern Europe, starting in 1517, led to a reform and reinvigoration of Catholicism in southern Europe. In this contest between the two doctrines, conversion was seen as a weapon to increase the power and importance of a particular church.

6. Spreading the Word • Detail the product models available and list specific prices for each model and additional options.

7. b. For Gold Gold was the most reliable and important means of storing wealth during this period. The quest for gold drove all of the European governments to send out ships in search of it. According to Hernan Cortez, the Spanish explorer, Europeans “have a strange disease of the heart, for which gold is the only cure."

8. Mas Gold, por favor

9. c. For “Glory” Discover new worlds, seek out new life and new civilizations, boldly go where no man has gone before….then, once you arrive, take everything of value that isn’t nailed down, kill any natives that get in your way, and set up yourself and your family as rulers of this new land. Glory is equal parts nationalism and self-interest.

10. The Bad Guys? Cortez & Pizarro

11. d. For Geography Most European governments believed the purpose of colonies was to provide raw materials for the mother country and buy finished goods from it. More colonies meant more trade and more $$$$$$$$$$$$$$.

12. The Spanish Empire

13. 2. England Arrives-How & Why? In the 16th and 17th centuries, a new generation of colonial powers arose: Britain, France and the Netherlands. The lands that now make up the United States presented themselves as an attractive place for these new powers to establish colonies. Spain and Portugal had taken little interest in them, so as far as the Europeans were concerned, they were still free for the taking. France and Britain established colonies, but they were far smaller in population than England’s (See est. pop.--1700 below). The population of the English colonies allowed them to “win” North America. Spain-5,000 Netherlands-7,000 France-15,000 England-110,000

15. Why England? --God—not only for the spread of Protestantism, but as part of an effort to achieve religious freedom for dissident Protestant sects. --Gold—who doesn’t want gold? --Glory—early nationalism, particularly in the face of threats from Spain, sparked a movement toward aggressive expansion. --Geography--England was the leading trading nation in the world. Colonies meant trade, so many commercial enterprises sought to establish colonies in the New World. The major draw for settlers was the availability of land.

16. The English Colonies • The South • New England Colonies • Middle Colonies

17. 1. The South • The Southern Colonies are Georgia, the two Carolinas and Virginia, with the sometime inclusion of Maryland (always a borderland), which some historians group with the Middle Colonies.

19. The Southern Colonies • VIRGINIA COLONIES, founded in 1607, were financed and coordinated by a joint stock company. The company hoped to follow in the footsteps of the Spanish by finding gold. • Gold was nowhere to be found. Finally, in 1612, John Rolfe hit upon the cultivation of tobacco as a cash crop. • To provide this labor, the colonists first relied on white indentured servants, but starting in 1619 tapped into the slave trade. • GEORGIA was established as a refuge for debtors • MARYLAND founded by Lord Baltimore as a haven for Catholics. • CAROLINAS, were established so the friends of King Charles II could cash in on the Americas.

20. A Tobacco Plantation

21. Bacon’s Rebellion • A war erupted in Virginia in1675. Fought between backcountry farmers and Native Americans, the wealthy planters of the colony initially opposed this fight, fearing bad relations with Native Americans. • By 1676, the war had morphed into a conflict between the poor farmers and the followers of Governor Berkeley. Berkeley represented the interests of the wealthy and had even restricted the vote to landholders—angering poor and tenant farmers. • Although Bacon died in late 1676, the rebellion had enormous consequences: 1) Indian land on the frontier would be made available to white farmers; 2) instead of importing indentured servants (who had supported the rebellion) slaves would now be the preferred labor source.

22. Jamestown Slaves & Tobacco

23. 2. The New England Colonies • The first New England colonies were founded by two separate groups of religious dissenters. Both demanded greater church reform and elimination of Catholic elements remaining in the Church of England. • Pilgrims sought to leave the Church of England. • Puritans wanted to reform it by setting an example of a holy community through the society they were to build in the New World. • Both groups brought entire families, making for a more socially active colony. Because plantation crops were impossible to grow, smaller, more densely populated farms were created. The economy also quickly diversified into fishing, lumber, and trade. • The strict, religious-based gov’t of Massachusetts led to dissenters who started new colonies. Rhode Island, Connecticut and New Hampshire strictly separated church and state.

25. a.The Pilgrims • These religious dissenters, after a brief time in the Netherlands, joined a larger group of Separatists who had remained in England, and sailed for the New World, taking the name Pilgrims. • Finally these men and women, sailed to America on the Mayflower, intending to arrive in the northern parts of what was known as Virginia. Blown off course, they came instead to what is now called Massachusetts. Before disembarking, they drew up the Mayflower Compact, by which they gave themselves broad powers of self-governance. • Like the settlers at Jamestown, the Pilgrims had a difficult first winter, having had no time to plant crops. Most of the settlers died of starvation. The next fall brought a bountiful harvest, and the first Thanksgiving was held.

26. Pilgrims

27. Mayflower Compact • The purpose of the Mayflower Compact was to prevent the passengers who were members of the Church of England from leaving the Pilgrims and creating their own colony. Those who threatened to leave were non-pilgrims possessing skills needed for survival. The Compact promised to treat everyone equally, whether a Pilgrim or not, and was the first example of a local, self-governing democracy in the New World.

28. b. The Puritans • In 1629, an expedition of 400 Puritans arrived in Massachusetts. Within two years, an additional 2,000 had arrived in America, rising to 17,800 in 1640 and 106,000 by 1700. In the New World the Puritans created a deeply religious, socially tight-knit and politically innovative culture that still lingers on in the modern U.S. • Puritans did not come to America seeking religious freedom, though they fled from religious repression in England. The Puritan social ideal was that of the “City Upon a Hill," an intensely religious, thoroughly righteous community that would serve as an example for all of Europe and stimulate mass conversion to Puritanism. • Initially peaceful, relations with Indians declined and in 1678 King Phillip’s War was fought. The colonists were victorious and few Indians were left in New England afterward.

29. 3. The Middle Colonies • The Middle Colonies, consisting of the present-day states of New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, the three counties of Delaware, and Maryland. • They were characterized by a large degree of diversity - religious, political, economic, and ethnic. Immigrants from England, Germany, the Netherlands, Sweden and Ireland all settled in these colonies.

31. Middle Colonies • First settled in 1623 by the Dutch at what was then called New Amsterdam, eventually New York. • The Middle Colonies consisted of farmland. The crops they grew were vegetables ,fruit, and grain. Farmers used the Delaware and the Hudson rivers to move their cash crops to markets in Philadelphia and New York City. The main cash crops were corn and wheat, and mills were built to grind the grain into flour. The tradesmen in port cities prepared goods to be shipped overseas

32. Even More Middle Colonies • Pennsylvania, founded by Quakers, was a haven of religious toleration, and many religious groups moved there. • Relations with Native Americans were also generally good and the Middle Colonies went 70 years without a major conflict, far different than either New England or the South. • This diversity also had economic benefits, as trade between Philadelphia, the largest city in North America, and many European ports was facilitated by these immigrants. • The Middle Colonies created a small but thriving manufacturing sector, the first in the colonies. • This area was also the fastest growing of all the regions with Philadelphia as the primary port for immigration.