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DEFORMATION OF THE EARTHS CRUST • Types of Deformation 1. folds 2. faults

DEFORMATION OF THE EARTHS CRUST • Types of Deformation 1. folds 2. faults. Deformation. 1. Elastic – nonpermanent, rock returns to original shape 2. Ductile – permanent, rock flows or bends 3. Brittle – permanent, rock breaks. Rheology. Stress vs. Strain. Force. Deformation.

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DEFORMATION OF THE EARTHS CRUST • Types of Deformation 1. folds 2. faults

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  1. DEFORMATION OF THE EARTHS CRUST • Types of Deformation 1. folds 2. faults

  2. Deformation 1. Elastic – nonpermanent, rock returns to original shape 2. Ductile – permanent, rock flows or bends 3. Brittle – permanent, rock breaks

  3. Rheology Stress vs. Strain Force Deformation

  4. Ductile Brittle

  5. How Rocks Become Deformed 1. compression forces 2. tensional forces 3. shearing forces

  6. Rheology Stress vs. Strain Force Deformation

  7. Rheology Stress vs. Strain Force Deformation

  8. Folded Rocks 1. due to compressional forces 2. types of folds i. monocline ii. anticlines iii. synclines

  9. Monocline, WY George Davis

  10. Folded Rocks 3. anatomy of a fold i. limbs ii. axial plane iii. plunge

  11. Folded Rocks 2. types of folds iv. overturned v. asymmetrical

  12. Anticline Axial plane Bill Evarts Fig. 10.11

  13. Asymmetric Folds Breck Kent

  14. Overturned Folds Fig. 10.1 Phil Dombrowski

  15. Folded Rocks 2. types of folds vi. domes vii. basins

  16. Folded Rocks 2. effects of folds i. mountain building (orogenies)

  17. Fractured Rocks 1. How a rock breaks i. joints

  18. Fractured Rocks 1. How a rock breaks i. joints ii. faults

  19. Anatomy of a fault i. head wall (or hanging wall) ii. foot wall iii. fault plane

  20. Anatomy of a fault iv. strike & dip

  21. Types of Faults • Strike-slip faults have movement that is predominantly horizontal and parallel to the strike of the fault plane • A viewer looking across to the other side of a right-lateral strike-slip fault would observe it to be offset to their right • A viewer looking across to the other side of a left-lateral strike-slip fault would observe it to be offset to their left • Oblique-slipfaults have movement that with components parallel to both the strike and dip of the fault plane Right-lateral San Andreas Fault

  22. Effects of faulting i. horsts and grabbens Horst Graben Horst

  23. Wildrose Graben, Southern California

  24. NASA/TSADO/Tom Stack

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