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Biology

Cellular. Biology. Cellular Biology. 2018. There are two basic types of cells….. PROKARYOTIC –Cells without a true nucleus. EUKARYOTIC – Cells with a true nucleus. * A true nucleus contains a nuclear membrane. Cellular Organelles.

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Biology

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  1. Cellular Biology

  2. Cellular Biology 2018

  3. There are two basic types of cells…..PROKARYOTIC –Cells without a true nucleus.EUKARYOTIC – Cells with a true nucleus.* A true nucleus contains a nuclear membrane

  4. Cellular Organelles • Small structures within a cell that each perform specific functions. • These are analogous to organs in multi-cellular organisms.

  5. Common Organelles • Nucleus • Nucleolus • Endoplasmic Reticulum (Rough, Smooth) • Golgi Body (apparatus) • Lysosomes • Mitochondria • Ribosomes • Vacuoles / Vesicles

  6. The Cell TheoryRudolph Virchow • There are three parts to the cell theory: • All organisms are made of cells. • Cells are the basic units of structure and function in organisms. • All cells come from pre-existing cells. • Contributions by Hooke, Leeuwenhoek, Schwann, and Schleiden The wacky history of cell theory - Lauren Royal-Woods

  7. Nucleus • Control center of the cell: the “brain” • Contains chromosomes (hereditary information) • Chromosomes are made of DNA and protein • The nucleus contains the nucleolus • Pores in the nuclear membrane allow material to pass between the nucleus and the cytoplasm

  8. Nucleolus • Found inside the nucleus • Ribosome subunits are made here Nucleolus

  9. Endoplasmic Reticulum • There are two types: Rough ER and Smooth ER • The Rough ER has ribosomes attached to it. This allows the Rough ER to modify and package proteins that are going to be exiting the cell. • The smooth ER does not have ribosomes attached to it. It modifies and packages lipids. • Attached to the nuclear membrane

  10. Golgi Body (apparatus) • The post office of the cell. • Functions for packaging and sending organic material (proteins)out of the cell. • Stacked, flattened sacs

  11. Lysosomes • The digestive center of the cell • Contain powerful enzymes that destroy foreign material and worn out cell parts • Store and package chemicals that could harm the cell if free in the cytoplasm. Powerful Enzymes

  12. Mitochondria • “Power house” of the cell • Provides the cell with all the energy it needs for cellular functions • Makes ATP -the energy source for all cellular activity

  13. Ribosomes • Manufacture proteins • smallest organelle in the cell • Consist of two subunits • Are free floating or attached to the ER

  14. Vacuoles H2O • Liquid filled spaces • Can store food and wastes • Some contain water and dissolved minerals • Plants have one large vacuole and animals have many small vacuoles wastes food Dissolved minerals

  15. Cytoplasm • Material between the nucleus and the outer boundary of the cell. • Contains numerous organelles • It is in constant motion; this flow of cytoplasm is called cytoplasmic streaming • Collodial in structure

  16. Cell Membrane • Composed of phospholipid molecules • The outer boundary of the cell • Regulates what enters and leaves the cell • Allows water and dissolved substances to pass freely • Sometimes called the “security system” of the cell Hydrophilic heads Hydrophobic tails

  17. Cilia and Flagella • Hair-like structures that stick out from the surface of cells. • Function for movement

  18. Chloroplast - Found in plant cells and algae cells. • Contains chlorophyll – a photosynthetic pigment • The only organelle that contains three membranes

  19. Microtubules • Long, thin tubes that function for support • Help the cell maintain its shape • Help with movement of organelles and other material inside of the cell Microtubules

  20. Centrioles • Two cylindrical bodies; found in animal cells only • Located near the nucleus • Play a role in cell division • Located at 90 degree angles to each other

  21. Organelles unique to Plant Cells • Chloroplast: Food for plant cells is made here. Contain the photosynthetic pigment chlorophyll. • Cell Wall: Shapes and supports a plant cell made of cellulose (polysaccharide) • Large Central Vacuole: Stores water: Responsible for turgor pressure. Nucleus Large Vacuole (turgor pressure) Cell wall

  22. Organelles unique to Animal Cells • Centrioles: Play a role in cell division

  23. Have a cellurific day! Created by: C. Walck/PAHS

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