Chapter 7 review ethnicity

1. Chapter 7 reviewethnicity • Ethnicity is frequently confused with race and nationality. • Ethnicity: identity with a group of people who share the cultural traditions of a particular homeland or hearth • Race: identity with a group of people who share a physiological traits such as skin color. • Nationality: is identity with a group of people who share legal attachment to a particular country. • Four major ethnic groups in the us • Hispanic American: Southwest • Asian Americans: Northwest, southwest/West coast • African Americans: SOUTH • Descendants of indigenous people: Midwest and great plains

2. Chapter 7 reviewethnicity Race and Ethnicity in the U.S. (Census) • US Census shows difficulty is distinguishing between ethnicity and race • Three most numerous ethnicities in the US are Asian American, African American and Hispanic American. • US Census regards Hispanic American as an ethnicity while it regards Asian American and African American as races. • The nationwide census is difficult for Hispanics because it is counted as an ethnicity. • When the question of race comes up, many Hispanics become confused and primarily chose white (53%). Some chose other race (37%), more than one box (6%), and then 4% chose one of the 13 categories. • About 10 million Americans changed their answer when being asked what ethnicity and race they belong to. Majority of the time it was Hispanics changing their race from white to some other one.

3. Chapter 7 reviewethnicity Race and Ethnicity in the U.S. (Census) • African Americans also face a distinctive challenge in responding to the census. • Even though it is an ethnicity (traced to Africa), the 2010 census grouped “Black, African American or Negro” as a race. • Most black Americans are descended from African American immigrants and therefore belong to an African American ethnicity. • Others trace their religion to other regions such as Latin America, Asia, and Pacific Islands. • In other words, the term African Americans identifies a group with an extensive cultural tradition, whereas the term black denotes nothing more than dark skin. • Because many Americans make judgements about the values and behaviors of others based on skin color, black is substituted for African Americans in daily language. • Today many Americans are of mixed ancestry and may or may not choose to identify with a single race or ethnicity • Other Americans choose to trace their heritage to places in Europe (ex. Ireland and Italy) that are not listed in the census questions

4. Chapter 7 reviewethnicity Urban Ethnic Enclaves • Definition- a place with a high concentration of an ethnic group that is distinct from those in the surrounding area. • Most ethnic enclaves are neighborhoods within large cities. • Ethnic enclaves, with distinctive appearances and structures, form through migration. • Ethnic enclaves make newcomers more comfortable with adapting to the culture of whichever country they migrated to. • Newcomers joining ethnic enclaves can find people who speak the same language, practice the same religion, and eat the same foods. • The newcomers also receive economic support (job opportunities, affordable housing, and loans) from ethnic enclaves. Urban Enclaves • The clustering of ethnicities is primarily in neighborhoods that are located in large cities. • Example: Paris Goutte d’Or neighborhood has ⅓ of its residents come from ethnicities that have emigrated from African colonies. • Example: United Kingdom ⅓ of London’s inhabitants were born outside of the UK; 18% were born in Asia, 7% in Africa, and 6% in the Caribbean • South Asia Indians have clustered in west London, Pakistanis/Bangladeshis in northeast London, Africans in the East, and Caribbean blacks in the North & South. • Migration is what shapes the clustering of ethnicities within in a state; international migration: is the movement of people from one place (country) to another. (country) interregional migration: the movement from one region of a country to another intraregional migration: the movement within one region (City to suburb)

5. Chapter 7 reviewethnicity United States • African Americans & Hispanics are clustered in urban enclaves. • Chicago has roughly equal numbers of whites (located in the North) , African Americans (, and Hispanics.) Changing Urban Ethnic Enclaves • Midwestern Cities like Chicago, Detroit, and Cleveland attracted groups from Southern and Eastern Europe • They hoped to work in the steel in automotive industries • These cluster of groups coming to live together became known as Detroit's Greek town and Pole town • In 1910 residents in Chicago were mainly from Europe whereas now they are mostly from Latin America and Asia. Ethnoburb • Made from grandchildren and children of European immigrants moving into suburban areas with a large cluster of their ethnic population • These people find it better in places where they can identify their ethnicity through food, religion, and other cultural traditions. • Ex: Little Italy, Greek town

6. Chapter 7 reviewethnicity • US: Segregation by race: Triangular trade Segregation Plessy v. Ferguson JIM CROW Racism White flight • Civil Rights movement 1960’s • Martin Luther king jr. • Brown v. the board of education • Civil rights act South Africa • apartheid • Nelson Mandela • Repeal of apartheid laws

7. Chapter 7 reviewethnicity • Ethnicity is important to geographers because its characteristics derive from the distinctive features of particular places on Earth, which leads to biological classifications. (INDIVIDUAL CHARACTERISTICS) • In contrast, contemporary geographers reject the entire biological basis of classifying. • One feature of race does matter to geographers—the color of skin. • The distribution of persons of color matters because it is the most fundamental basis by which people in many societies sort out where they reside, attend school, recreate, and perform many other activities of daily life. • The term African-American identifies a group with an extensive cultural tradition, whereas the term black in principle denotes nothing more than a dark skin.

8. Chapter 7 reviewethnicity • Ethnicity is distinct from race, which is an identity with a group of people who share a biological ancestor. • Race and ethnicity are often confused. • In the United States, consider the three prominent ethnic groups—Asian-Americans, African- Americans, and Hispanic-Americans. • Asian is considered a race and Asian-American is considered an ethnicity. • However, both encompass basically the same group. • African-American and black are sometimes considered different groups. • Some American blacks trace their cultural heritage to regions other than Africa, including Latin America, Asia, or Pacific islands. • Hispanic or Latino is not usually considered a race.

9. Chapter 7 reviewethnicity Why Might Ethnicities Face Conflicts? (See notes from chapter 7 section 3) 1.Tension and conflict can occur when only one ethnicity is recognized nationally. (US segregation, South Africa's Apartheid period) 2. The structures and classifications within nations can create conflict. (UK) 3. Nationalism can also be a centrifugal force, which can do the opposite. Nationalism can divide people the same way in can unite them. (Yugoslavia, USSR, India) 4. The desire of a ethnic state after colonization and the actions of groups can create conflict with in ethnicities. (India and Pakistan)

10. Chapter 7 reviewethnicity • Be familiar with the following conflicts • India and Pakistan • Syria • Rwanda • Yugoslavia • Darfur • Sudan • Kosovo • CROATIA • BE FAMILIAR WITH; • BALKANZIED: A SMALL GEOGRAPHIC AREA THAT COULD NOT SUCCESSFULLY BE ORGANIZED INTO STABLE COUNTRIES. • BALKANIZATION:THE PROCESS BY WHICH A STATE BREAKS DOWN THROUGH CONFLICST AMONG ITS ETHNICITIES.

11. Chapter 7 reviewethnicity • ETHNIC CLEANSING: PURPOSEFUL POLICY DESIGNED BY ONE ETHNIC OR RELIGIOUS GROUP TO REMOVE BY VIOLENT AND TERROR. • GENOCIDE: THE MASS KILLING OF A GROUP OF PEOPLE IN AN ATTTEMPT TO ELIMINATE THE ENTIRE GROUP FROM EXISTANCE. • Evidence OF Ethnic Cleansing: • Step 1 - Move a large amount of military into village w/no strategic value • Step 2 - Round up all people and split them up. Kill men or put them in concentration camps • Step 3 - Force the rest of the people to leave the village • Step 4 - Destroy the vacated village

12. Chapter 7 reviewethnicity Why do Ethnic Cleansing and Genocide Occur? • 1. Ethnic Cleansing and Genocide occur because of “purposeful policy” established by government. (Ex: US Segregation, and South Africa’s Apartheid Structures and laws, Nazi Germany’s Jewish laws) • 2. Ethnic cleansing and Genocide occur because of boundary changes and migration. (EX: Boundary Changes after WWI and either through forced or voluntary migration EX: India and Pakistan) • 3. Ethnic cleansing and Genocide occur because of Ethnic differences and Nationalism and ideas of self-determination. (The fall of the Ottoman Empire and the collapse of the USSR, Yugoslavia and Kosovo) • 4. Ethnic Cleansing and Genocide occurs because of Religious ideology. (Ex: Darfur, Sudan) • 5. Ethnic Cleansing and Genocide occur because of colonial and imperialistic policies that divided ethnic groups under foreign control. (Ex: India, Rwanda)