Chapter 7 Ethnicity Review

1. Chapter 7 EthnicityReview Celebrating the cultures of the world Moustapha Ouattara

2. Ethnic Distribution

3. Ethnicity • Definition: An identity with a group of people who share the cultural traditions of a particular homeland or hearth • Ethnicities tend to cluster themselves in specific areas within a location • 3 major ethnicities in US • Hispanic Americans • African Americans • Asian Americans

4. 3 Major U.S Ethnicities • Asian • recognized as a distinct race by U.S. Bureau of Census • Asian race and ethnicity usually same group • Asian ethnicity “lumps” together people with ties to many countries in Asia • African-American • Supposedly two different groups • African American • trace heritage to an African Immigrant • Ethnicity and group with extensive cultural tradition • Black • heritage from other regions like Latin American, Asia • A principle that denotes darker skin • Most see themselves as both • Latino • Not considered a race • Can choose any race on the census

5. Ethnic Distribution • The two largest ethnicities are Hispanics and African Americans. • U.S. Regional Breakdown • South: African Americans • Southwest: Hispanics • West: Asians • Mid-West: Native Americans *Hispanics and African Americans tend to cluster in urban cities…. Why?

6. Ethnic Distribution of African Americans • Forced Migration in 1700s (slavery) • 1st waves arrived at Jamestown • Subsequently divided among the 13 colonies • Most slaves ended up in the SE United States • Why? -Labor to farm cash crops Wave1 Africa -> America • Early 1900s • Migration in 2 waves: 1910s & 1920s, 1940s & 1950s • Industrial Boom pulled them North (factory jobs) • Need for workers during both world wars • *13th Amendment passed (1965)* Wave 2 U.S. South -> Northern Cities Wave 3 • Late 1900s-2000s • AA’s move from inner city ghettos to neighborhoods • Ghettos typically had 40,000 inhabitants/sq. mile • Desire for more living space, utilities, better quality of life Inner City -> Urban Neighborhoods

8. Race • Definition: • An Identity with a group of people who share a biological ancestor • White • Black, African American • American Indian or Alaska Native • Asian Indian • Chinese • Filipino • Japanese • Korean • Vietnamese • Other Asian • Native Hawiian • Guamanian • Samoan • Other Pacific Islander • Other race Different Races

9. Race in South Africa • Separation of races into four different classifications… Apartheid (1948-94) Black White Mixed Asian

10. Gender

11. Gender • Reflects not only biological, but also social differences between men and women • Views on gender vary depending on location • Ex) United States v. South Asia

12. South Asia Nepal Bhutan Bangladesh India Pakistan Afghanistan Patriarchal

13. Life as a Woman in South Asia Gender Gap • Constant responsibilities • Motherhood, household • Work in informal sector jobs • Lack of property rights • Public behavior restricted • Education limited • Divorce laws favor men • Participation in waged labor force is limited • Education opportunity for young girls is improving The differences in social, economic, and political power and opportunity between men and women Def.

14. Gender Imbalance • Gender Empowerment Index: Measures the degree of balance between male and female equity in society We all want a happy society don’t we?? Bliss

15. Gender Imbalance • The more equal men and women are in a society, the more developed a country is. • When girls receive an education there is an improvement in all aspects of life • Suffrage • Lack of discrimination • Job opportunities • Gender empowerment • Population changes

16. Ethnicity Nation States

17. Nationality • Nationality: Identity with a group of people who share legal attachment and personal allegiance to a particular country Ex) American citizens born in America • Nationalism: Devotion and loyalty to one’s nation/nationality • Symbols • Songs • Flags • Holidays

18. Nation-State a state whose territory corresponds to that occupied by a particular ethnicity that has been transformed into a nationality Self-determination: belief that an ethnicity has the right to govern themselves. • Led to ethnicities becoming nationalities • Wanted to preserve and enhance distinct cultural characteristics

19. Multi Ethnic States • A state that contains more than one ethnicity Not always a bad thing The United States

20. Multinational State • Contain two ethnic groups with traditions of self-determination that agree to coexist peacefully by recognizing each other as distinct nationalities • Is it always peaceful? NO! In some cases one nationality seeks to dominate the other. Can lead to Civil War

21. Peaceful

22. European States Russia Largest Multinational State • Recognizes 39 nationalities • Many eager for independence • Russian ethnicities clustered in two areas: Near Mongolia border Near Azerbaijan and Georgia • 20% of population is non-Russian Chechnya Sunni Muslims who speak a Caucasian language and practice distinct social customs Currently under Russian control after a 50 year conflict Chechnyan-Russian relations are on the rocks…haha

23. Ethnic Identity • After the fall of the Soviet Union in the early 90s, many nations previously under Soviet control emerged giving rise to more ethnicities. Yugoslavia Bulgaria Romania

24. Ethnic Conflict

25. Ethnic Clashes • What causes conflict? • Ethnicities compete in civil wars to dominate national identity • Problems result from division of ethnicities among more than one state • Sub-Saharan Africa especially plagues • Horn of Africa • Central Africa • Conflicts are violent and often last for long periods and involve hundreds of dead

27. Ethiopia/Eritrea Conflict Ethiopia • 30 year war for independence (1961-1991) • Dispute over border in 1998 led to more conflict • Ethiopia defeated Eritrea in 2000 and took disputed land Eritrea and Ethiopia Eritrea • Under Ethiopian control Wanted more authority over themselves • Eritreans defeated Ethiopian army in 1991 • Became independent state 1993 • 665,000 Eritrean refugees fled to Sudan

28. Sudan • Ravaged by civil war for years • Religious cleavages • Constant Conflict… N/S Sudan ‘11 Black Christians and animist ethnicities Islam VS North South

29. Somalia To end Human rights violations in the early 90s and reduce weapons in the hands of dictators and militias Large Sunni Muslims pop. Black Hawk Down Islamic Terrorism 6 Ethnic Groups • Isakk, Darod, Dir, Digil, Hawiye, Rahanwayn

30. Ethnic Conflict Religious in Nature Lebanon 60% Muslim, 39% Christian • Most Christians consider themselves ethnically descended from Phoenicians • Muslims consider themselves Arab Each group formed own private militia/army to protect territory Civil war on two different occasions 1975, 1990 India • Three-way struggle • Two countries created • India and Pakistan • Pakistan separated into East and West Pakistan • Bangladesh in 1971 • Basis for separating was Ethnicity • Pakistan predominantly • Muslim • India predominately Hindu

31. Ethnic Cleansing • process in which a more powerful ethnic group forcibly removes a less powerful one in order to create an ethnically homogeneous region. • Point is not to simply to defeat but completely exterminate • Involves removal of males, females, and children • Balkanization • process by which a state breaks down through conflicts among its ethnicities Congo Rwanda

32. Bosnia • A country that was ethnically and religiously split. • 48% Bosnian Muslim • 37% Serb • 14% Croat • Serbs and Croats in Bosnia wanted to unite Bosnia with Serbia and/or Croatia • Led to cleansing of Bosnian Muslims

33. Dayton Accords • Dayton, Ohio 1996 • Leaders of various ethnicities • Bosnia was divided into three separate areas • Serbians received nearly half of the country • Croatian and Muslim areas were combined into a federation

34. Review Game

35. Question 1 • What are the root causes of Ethnic Conflict? • Name an example of a conflict in Africa?

36. Explanation • Ethnic Conflict is caused by the desire of different ethnicities wanting to dominate their countries national identity • Possible examples of conflict in Africa could be the conflicts that occurred in Somalia, Sudan, or Ethiopia/Eritrea.

37. Question 2 • What caused conflict in India? • How many countries were formed as a result? • What were the names of those countries?

38. Explanation • Religious tension between the Muslim east and West Pakistan and Hindu India • 2 • Pakistan, Bangladesh (Both Muslim countries)

39. Question 3 • Describe the conflict that was happening in Somalia that caused the U.S. to get involved? • What famous movie came of the conflict?

40. Explanation • The conflict that arose in Somalia was because the corrupt government was taking away UN donated food meant for the people to feed themselves so what we saw were massive human rights violation, deaths,famine, poverty etc. So the U.S. stepped in • Black Hawk Down depicts the events of the Battle of Mogadishu

41. Question 4 • Provide one reason as to why an ethnicity would prefer to cluster themselves together within a location? What do they get from doing so?

42. Explanation • By doing so, they have people around them who share similar customs and traditions which makes it easier to adapt to the new culture • Forms a sense of community among them

43. Question 5 • Describe the waves of African American Ethnic Distribution.

44. Explanation • There were 3 different waves of AA distribution. They were Africa to America (forced.) American South to Northern cities, and Inner city to Urban Neighborhoods

45. Question 6 • Why is the United States a good example of a multi ethnic state?

46. Explanation • The U.S. has people from every corner of the world within its boarders and we all manage to coexist peaceful for the most part which is good because who would want mini ethnic clashes in every state

47. Question 7 • What is a difference b/w how women are treated in the U.S. vs. how women are treated in a periphery country

48. Explanation • In a lesser developed of periphery country, women are treated a lot worst than women of the United States. • In the U.S. women can… • Go to school • Get work outside of the home • Can have her own goals/wants/needs (not bound by patriarchal society)

49. Question 8 • Why do Hispanics and African Americans tend to cluster in urban cities?

50. Explanation • These groups tend to cluster in urban centers because urban centers have the resources (cheap housing, proximity to job) to accommodate their large numbers. **Formation of ghettos and ethnic neighborhoods**