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Explore the current status and future outlook of US energy consumption, efficiency, alternative fuels, and power generation methods. Learn about the potential of fuel cell technology, hydropower, and the shift from oil dependence. Discover the complexities of fuel production, energy consumption records, and the transition towards sustainable energy solutions.
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Thoughts on ENERGY John Kramlich Professor of Mechanical Engineering Phil Malte Professor of Mechanical Engineering
QUESTIONS to ANSWER • US Energy: Where are we now? • Where are we going? • How about the local scene?
GASOLINE ENGINE EFFICIENCY Why? We ask a lot from a car
Hybrid Advantages • Ideal: Engine runs near one RPM and torque (engines oversized) • Regenerative braking • Hard acceleration covered by battery • Avoids big losses of city driving • Since wind friction goes with speed squared, highway mileage often lower than city (35 mph best!)
The Fuel Cell: An Externally-Fueled Battery
Platinum for cell Expensive machining Expensive membrane Auto: 35$/kW Fuel cell: 300$/kW Must find ways to get cost down or may not compete Fuel Cell Issues
Hydrogen Issues • Make H2 in fuel plant? Natural gas to H2 leads to a significant loss in fuel value (recover only ~60% of original energy). • Store H2 on vehicle? Safety? Space? • Make H2 from gasoline? Carry a chemical plant on your car?
Running Out of Oil? • Record of Consumption and Production in USA • Resource • Cheap versus Expensive Oil
Message • The supply of Cheap-to-Recover crude oil is limited – there is about a 40 years supply at the present consumption rate. • The world is becoming increasingly dependent on Middle Eastern crude oil. • There is a lot of Expensive-to-Recover oil – monetarily and environmentally expensive. • Should transportation move away from oil?
Simple Gas Turbine Fuel Generator Air Pump Hot Exhaust Burner Turbine
Hydropower Hydropower
Turbine/ Generator Set
Some Engineering Energy = g[mass of water thru turbine] X [height of dam] • Low reservoirs reduce effective height • Reduced river flows cut mass available • 300 W projection-TV operated for one hour = one ton of water through Grand Coulee Dam.
Malte 3500 ft2 Gas furnace, hot water, range-top Balance electric PSE Kramlich 2000 ft2 All electric Heat pump furnace SCL A Tale of Two Houses
Heat Pump • Heat is present in all air • But heat flows only from hot to cold • So heat in outside air won’t directly warm your house • Use electricity to “pump” heat from outside into your house • Better than just using electricity alone to get heat • Multiplies value of electricity
Message • Larger house requires more energy. • Electricity gives more heat (per unit energy input) than gas if a heat pump is used. • But: Electricity costs more, which is a reflection of its greater utility.
Solar PV? • Panel+BOS Costs = $750/kw-peak (grid-tied) • 12 kw System = $90,000 • Capacity Factor = 12% (20% in AZ) • Power generated = 12,600 kW-hr/year (Kramlich: 18,000-24,000, Malte: 11,000-15,000) • Simple Cost over 30 year life = 24¢/kW-hr • Arizona: 14¢/kW-hr
Vansycle Project: Wallula
Stateline Project, Wallula • 450 Turbines • 300 MW max • 70,000 homes