The Progressive Upheaval of the Civil Rights Moment/Movement

1. The Progressive Upheaval of the Civil Rights Moment/Movement Brown v. Board through the 1970s

2. Items on the Historical Agenda • The Cold War & International Students • Space Exploration and Science Education • The Civil Rights Movement and Equal Opportunity in Education • Women’s Liberation Movement and Opening of Opportunities for Women • Vietnam War, Collegiate Deferments, and Social Protest on Campus

3. Cold War Fought Over Students! • The Cold War between the US and the USSR was largely ideological. • Both countries competed to bring students from foreign countries to study in one of the two super-powers • The influx of international students changed the nature of American university life. SJSU’s International House on 11th Street

4. Sputnik 1:USSR launched world’s firstsatellite, October 4, 1957 Sputnik 2, launched November 3, 1957 included a live payload, Laika the space dog

5. Sputnik launched reforms in American Education • USSR’s head start in space shocked America • Science and math education were reformed and boosted in the curriculum at all levels June 13, 1958: This day, the story on the space race was presented not by experts, but by elementary school pupils in Hagerstown, Md. Their science program, ‘A Visit to the Planets,’ was televised in classrooms across the city. The pupils: Judy Snyder, left, Nancy Grove, Larry Michael and Stephen Murray.

6. “Desegregation with All Due Speed” • The 1955 Brown v. Board decision ordered desegregation to proceed with “all due speed” and with “all deliberate speed.” • The non-specific quality of these terms led to many delays and deliberate foot-dragging White opponents insisted that they were being ‘railroaded’

7. Deliberate Speed • The seemingly intentional paradox in “deliberate speed” meant that those opposed to the decision in Brown v. Board had time to organize and protest integration.

8. The Little Rock Nine • September 1957 witnessed a major battle in desegregation with the Little Rock Nine • Student Elizabeth Eckford being taunted by white student Hazel Bryan. In 1999, Hazel Bryan apologized to Elizabeth Eckford, and they had a brief friendship. • This photograph considered one of the Top 100 iconic photos of the 20th century.

9. What We’ve Learned About Daisy Bates and the Little Rock Nine • Daisy Bates (11/11/14-11/4/99) • Freedom fighter in Civil Rights movement from mid 1950s on • Assembles the Little Rock Nine • NAACP leader – president of Arkansas branch from 1952-1961 • Ran newspaper The Arkansas State Press • Adopted by the Smiths; her mother was murdered by three white men

10. What We’ve Learned About Daisy Bates and the Little Rock Nine • Her own education had been limited (perhaps only 4th to 9th grade level achieved formally) • Only woman to speak at the March on Washington in 1963 • Worked with Thurgood Marshall on case of Little Rock Nine • She organized the LR9, mentored, advised, worked with families • Pushed the school board as well

11. What We’ve Learned About Daisy Bates and the Little Rock Nine • Her own education had been limited (perhaps only 4th to 9th grade level achieved formally) • Only woman to speak at the March on Washington in 1963 • Worked with Thurgood Marshall on case of Little Rock Nine • She organized the LR9, mentored, advised, worked with families • Pushed the school board as well

12. What We’ve Learned About Daisy Bates and the Little Rock Nine • LR9 = 1957 • Calls in President Eisenhower – after Gov. Faubus had tried to call in Arkansas National Guard to stop integration of Central High • Photos – widely disseminated – became a national symbol of integration • One graduating senior could not attend her graduation due to fear of violence

13. What We’ve Learned About Daisy Bates and the Little Rock Nine • Daisy Bates, president Arkansas NAACP • She had good organizational skills, saw the opportunity after Brown v. Board, did not want delays in integrating schools • Organized nine students to get into Little Rock Central High School • Newspaper she started w/ husband used to point out how Arkansas was in violation with Supreme Court rulings

14. What We’ve Learned About Daisy Bates and the Little Rock Nine • Daisy Bates adopted because her birth mother was murdered by a white man • Governor Faubus initiated the National Guard to prevent the nine from entering • President Eisenhower spoke with Faubus and prevented him from using the National Guard from blocking the students • 101st National Airborne brought in by President Eisenhower, to protect the students

15. What We’ve Learned About Daisy Bates and the Little Rock Nine • A judge made a ruling that this was causing too much trouble, tried to delay it again using the “due speed” excuse, but Supreme Court did not allow Arkansas to do this • Bates requested Eisenhower’s help directly • Most of the students are still alive, and reflecting on their experience • Daisy Bates experienced racism when young, which led to her being afraid and angry at whites, but she overcomes this on advice from her father

16. What We’ve Learned About Daisy Bates and the Little Rock Nine • Daisy Bates was concerned about the safety of the students, and tried to develop systems for protecting them.

17. Civil Rights Act of 1964 • Voting rights secured for all • Inclusion of women as a protected class, by way of a late amendment • Specific prohibition of busing for school integration President Johnson signs the Civil Rights Act, 7/2/1964; Dr. Martin Luther King stands behind him. Sen. Hubert Humphrey (D) Minnesota, soon to be Vice-President, introduced anti-busing amendments

18. Milliken v. Bradley (1974) • Limited busing of students between school districts, as between an urban and a suburban district • This bitter 5-4 decision, with Thurgood Marshall in the minority, is widely seen as having authorized “white flight” to the suburbs. • Marshall complained the Supreme Court was pandering to “a perceived public mood that we have gone far enough in enforcing the Constitution’s guarantee of equal justice.” • Justice Douglass’ dissent stated “Today's decision ... means that there is no violation of the Equal Protection Clause though the schools are segregated by race and though the black schools are not only separate but inferior."

19. Busing Controversies in Boston, 1974-1975

20. University of Connecticut women’s basketball Title IX - 1972 • "No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance” • Changes in female athletic participation. Penn State Volleyball Championship

21. Title IX web page from Louisiana State University • http://www.lsu.edu/highlights/2008/03/titleIX.html • LSU proudly proclaims that it has benefited athletically from Title IX, as many championships and trophies have gone to Baton Rouge as a result!

22. What We’ve Learned About Title IX & Women’s Sports in Public Schools • 1972 – signed by President Nixon • Inspired by Civil Rights Act • Department of Health, Education, and Welfare develops a test for how each school had to fulfill requirements • Religious organizations and military schools were exempt • Football exemption

23. What We’ve Learned About Title IX & Women’s Sports in Public Schools • Career, pregnant and parenting students, math, technology, sexual harassment • 1984 – decision that if no Federal funds received for those specific programs, then Title IX need not be followed, revised to ANY Federal funds (1988) • Bob Jones University – South Carolina

24. What We’ve Learned About Title IX & Women’s Sports in Public Schools • Patsy Mink, Congressperson from Hawai’I, first Asian-American woman elected to Congress (Japanese-American) - she had experienced discrimination as a woman directly in college • Part of the Education Amendments of 1972

25. The War in Vietnam • The war affected campuses for two reasons • Young men could get deferments from the draft by being in college, which meant that upper- and middle-class students had an advantage in avoiding military service. Draft lottery by birthday

26. The War in Vietnam • Whether through guilt, anger, fear, or intellect, young people on campus developed an anti-war analysis • The resulting protests, including the famous attack on protesting students by the National Guard at Kent State in 1970, made the universities centers of opposition to the war and to social conventions in general. Four students were killed by US soldiers at Kent State.

27. Reading for Next Week • You have a substantial amount of reading for next week • Be prepared to present • An outline of important points • Strategies for reading large amounts of texts • An idea you’d like to research further in the future

28. Responsibility #6: Due 10/10/11 • Jonathan Kozol (b. 1936) – noted author and analyst of public schooling • Margaret Spellings (b. 1957) – proponent of NCLB; Secretary of Education under George W. Bush (2004-2009)