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RESEARCH METHODS

RESEARCH METHODS. SEMINAR CLASS SESSION 1. The requirement of embarking a research You need a title. You need to submit a proposal (20%). Filled up -The proposal form You need to wait until your proposal is approved. Research Process. Problem identification…………………….Chap 1

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RESEARCH METHODS

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  1. RESEARCH METHODS SEMINAR CLASS SESSION 1

  2. The requirement of embarking a research • You need a title. • You need to submit a proposal (20%). • Filled up -The proposal form • You need to wait until your proposal is approved.

  3. Research Process • Problem identification…………………….Chap 1 • Formulate research questions………….Chap 1 • Literature review ……………………………..chap 2 • Methodology - Research philosophy and approach…………………………………………..Chap 3 • Research design…………………………………Chap 3 • Data collection……………………………………Chap 4 • Data processing & analysis………………….Chap 4 • Conclusion & reports…………………………..Chap 5

  4. The Research Problem • What is a research problem • How to write a research problem statement

  5. Literature Review • What is Literature Review ? • Highlight what has been done so far, such as • Approaches • Methods used • Variables used • Statistical procedures Why it is important? • To Improve research methodology • Focus on research problem • Deeper understanding subject matter • Cater to knowledge base for research area • Gain wider knowledge • Contextualize research findings • Contribution • Ensure novelty in work • Avoid reinventing the wheel • How to write a Literature Review • Block method

  6. Class Exercise 30 MINUTES Create a research title Define the research problem Develop the research questions

  7. SESSION 2

  8. Methodology • How you want to conduct your research • Type of approach • Quantitative • Qualitative • Different approach – different methodology used

  9. Sample Representative • How well does the sample represent the population? Population Sample ParametersStatistics Estimation

  10. Primary Data Collection • Determination of a suitable sample size • Base on the theory of probability • The larger the sample size, the lower the chances of error in generalizing. • The determination of sample size influenced by, • Confidence level of data, level of certainty that the characteristics of the data collected will represent the characteritics of the total population. • Margin of error tolerated, level of accuracy required for any estimates made from the sample • Type of analysis undertaken. • Size of population from which the sample is to be drawn

  11. Probability Samples Nonprobability Samples Simple Random Sampling Convenience Sampling Cluster Sampling Judgment Sampling Systematic Sampling Referral Sampling Stratified Sampling Quota Sampling Two Basic Sampling Methodologies Probability: Each member of the population has an equal and known probability of being included in the sample Nonprobability: The probability of selecting members of the population is unknown/unequal.

  12. Measurement & Scales • Variables • A logical grouping • Construct or property to be studied • Type of variables • DV • IV • Moderating V • Extraneous V • Intervening V

  13. Measurement & Scales • There are four levels of measurement available to the researcher: • Nominal • Ordinal • Interval • Ratio • Measurement is achieved through the use of scales. A scale is a measurement tool that can be used to measure a question with a predetermined number

  14. Data Collection Secondary Data - Internal - External Primary Data Quantitative Qualitative Self-Completion Surveys Regular mail Overnight delivery Fax Internet Drop off/pick up Interviewer-Completed Surveys Telephone Shopping Mall Home, Office, etc. Observation Observation Human Electronic Mechanical Observation Human Electronic Interviews Depth Interviews Focus Groups Case Studies Projective Techniques

  15. Questionnaire Development

  16. Classification questions

  17. Extract from a survey codebook

  18. Class Exercise Develop a Simple Questionnaires 20 MINUTES

  19. Analysis of Data • Descriptive Statistics • Measure of location • Mean • Median • Mode • Measure of spread • Variance • Standard deviation • Measure of shapes

  20. Hypothesis Testing • Hypothesis testing: a statistical procedure used to “accept” or “reject” the hypothesis based on sample information • Intuitive hypothesis testing: when someone uses something he or she has observed to see if it agrees with or refutes his or her belief about that topic…so we use hypothesis testing in our lives all the time • Example of Hypothesis • Product quality has the significant influence on customer loyalty • Brand name has the significant influence on customer loyalty

  21. Inferential Statistics • Inference : the reasoning involved in drawing a conclusion or making a logical judgment on the basis of circumstantial evidence and prior conclusions rather than on the basis of direct observation. • Standard Deviation • T-Test – test of significant differences between 2 mean, • Independent • Dependents • ANOVA (One way analysis of variance) • Correlation coefficient

  22. Class Exercise Preparing your research proposal 30 MINUTES

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