Brought to you by: Tyresha Ortiz, Riyadh Williams & Charly Banks

1. Sentence Basics Brought to you by: Tyresha Ortiz, Riyadh Williams & Charly Banks

2. Complete Sentences • Subject= a noun and its modifiers. • Predict= a verb and its objects, complements and modifiers. • One Subject + One Predicate= A Sentences • A sentence MUST: make a statement, ask a question, give a command or express an emotion ! • Charlyate bananas.

3. Sentence Types and Their Purposes • Declarative Sentences-provide information something about their subject. • She plays hop scotch. • Interrogative Sentences-pose questions about their subjects. • Does she play hop scotch?

4. Imperative Sentences-demand something of their subjects • Do not play hop scotch. • Exclamatory Sentences-emphasizes a point or express strong emotion • I’m really looking forward to playing hop scotch!

5. Subjects • Simple Subject- noun or pronoun that names the topic of the sentence • The tired old man crossed the street. • Complete Subject- the simple subject and it’s modifiers; answers who or what the sentence is about. • The tired old man crossed the street. • Compound Subjects- contains two or more simple subjects connected with a conjunction • But, or, and, neither… nor • The tired old man and his rusty cane crossed the street.

6. Implied Subjects- comparative sentences, the subject you is usually implied, NOT stated. A helping verb is needed for questions • [You] Be careful at night. • Would you be careful at night? • Subject Position • Declarative sentences: subject precedes the verb • The girls sing beautifully. • Sentences beginning with there or here followed by some form of be: subject comes after the verb • There will be many girls singing.

7. Predicates: Verbs and Their Objects or Components • Predicate- says something about the subject • Simple Predicates = verb + helping verbs • Professor Camper chastised her class. • Complete Predicate= the verb and any modifiers(word acting as an adj to limit another word), objects or compliments • Professor Camper chastised her class. • Compound Predicates= 2 or more predicates connected by a conjunction • Professor Camper chastised her class and gave them extra homework assignments.

8. Verb types and sentence patterns • Linking verbs-joins a subject to more information • Subject compliment- maybe a noun (predicate nomative), an adjective (predicate adjective) or pronoun. • Transitive verb-Identifies an action that the subject performs or does to somebody or something else – or direct object (nouns/pronouns). • Active Voice: the subject is doing the action and the direct object is being acted upon • The boy hit the baseball. • Passive voice: the direct object becomes the subject and the original subject becomes part of a phrase introduced with the preposition by. • The baseball was being hit by the boy.

9. Indirect Object- names for or to whom something is done • John gave Sally the book. • Object Complement- a word or group of words that follows an object in the sentence and describes or renames it. • The wrong turn made Justin a lost man. • Intransitive Verbs- describes an action by a subject, but it is not an action that is done directly to anything • The plane crashed.

10. Phrases • Phrase- a group of words that lack a subject and or predicate • Noun Phrase- a noun or a noun substitute plus all it’s modifiers • Verb Phrase- a verb plus it’s helping verbs • Verbals- are words derived from verbs. They function as nouns, adjectives or adverbs NOT as verbs.

11. Verbal Phrases- verbal, modifiers, objects or compliments • Participal phrase: begins with either a present or past participal • Playing together the children had fun. • Called by the owner, the dog came to him. • Gerund Phrases- uses the “–ing” form of a verb just as some participle phrases do but functions as nouns, not adjectives. • Talking to you friends can keep you informed. • Infinitive Phrases- an infinitive + any subjects, objects or modifiers that function as an adverb, adjective or noun. • To get good grades was his main objective.

12. Apositive Phrases- rename nouns or pronouns and appear right after the word they rename. • One professor, the widely respected Dr. Carr lectured at the freshman seminar. • Absolute Phrases- modifies an entire sentence. They include a noun or a pronoun; a participle; and their related modifiers, objects or complements. They provide details or causes. • The students walked up the hill, dressed in their Howard apparel.

13. Clauses • Clause- a group of related words that include a subject and a predicate • Independent clause: can stand on their own as a complete sentence • Dependent/Subordinate clause: has a subject and predicate, cannot stand alone as a complete sentence • Adjective Clauses- modifies a noun or pronoun. Relative pronouns(who, whom, whose, which or that) or Relative Adverbs(where, when) and used to connect adjective clauses to nouns or pronouns they modify • The “A” Building, which is located outside the campus gates, is the most visited campus building.

14. Adverb clauses- modifies a verb, an adjective or an adverb and answers the questions adverbs answer when, where, what, why and how. Often introduced by subordinators (after, when, before, because, although, if, though, whenever, where, wherever) • After the professor explained the task the students began to write their papers.

15. Noun Clauses-a dependent clause that functions as a noun and may serve as the subject, object or compliment of a sentence. Usually introduced by a relative pronoun(who, which, that). Or a relative adverb(who, what, where, why). • The clerk discovered who stole the money. • Elliptical Clause- One or more grammatically necessary words are omitted because their meaning and function are clear form the surrounding context. • This is the house [that] Jack built

16. Sentence Structures • Simple sentence- composed of only 1 independent clause. It may have several imbedded phrases, a compound subject and a compound predicate. • Cows are known for having multiple subjects. • Compound Sentence- contains 2 or more coordinated independent clauses but no dependent clause, may be joined by a comma , coordinated and conjunction or by a semi colon, with or without a conjunctive adverb. • I ate a lot of food, so I was not able to swim for 30 minutes.

17. Complex Sentence- contains one independent clause, one or more dependent clause. • The student plagiarized because she was too irresponsible to write her paper. • Compound-complex Sentence- contains 2 or more coordinated independent clauses and at least one dependent clause. • She discovered a new world of international finance, but she worked so hard investing other people’s money that she had no time to invest any of her own.