Explain the changes that the Industrial Revolution brought to American life.

1. Objectives • Explain the changes that the Industrial Revolution brought to American life. • Discuss the importance of Samuel Slater’s cotton mill. • Describe the growth of industry in the United States after 1812. • Identify important developments in factories and the problems that factory life caused.

2. Terms and People • Industrial Revolution – a time period during which machines gradually took the place of many hand tools • factory system – brought workers and machinery together in one place • capitalist – a person who invests capital, or money, in a business to earn a profit • Francis Cabot Lowell – an American who, with other capitalists, built a factory where spinning and weaving were done in the same building

3. Terms and People (continued) • mass production – the rapid manufacture of large numbers of identical objects • interchangeable parts – identical pieces that could be assembled quickly by unskilled workers

4. How did the new technology of the Industrial Revolution change the way Americans lived? In early America, most people worked as farmers and made the goods they needed at home. With the advent of the Industrial Revolution, many people began working in factories and buying manufactured goods.

5. Prior to the Industrial Revolution, women spun thread and wove cloth at home. These processes were very time-consuming.

6. The Industrial Revolution began in the British textile industry in the 1700s. A series of innovations changed the way fabric was made. In the 1760s, the spinning jenny sped up the thread-making process. In 1764, Richard Arkwright invented the water frame, a spinning machine powered by running water rather than human energy. To house the large machines, manufacturers built textile mills on the banks of rivers.

7. There were disadvantages to building factories on riverbanks: • In a dry season, the machines had no power. • Most factories were far from cities, and labor was hard to find in rural areas.

8. In 1790, Arkwright built the first steam-powered textile plant.

9. The steam-powered plant had advantages over water-powered plants. Factories could now be built in cities, where young women and children provided cheap labor. The steam engine was a reliable source of power.

10. The new mills created a new way of working, known as thefactory system. Instead of spinning at home as time permitted, textile workers had to begin and end work at specific hours at the factories. Workers now had to keep up with the machines instead of working at their own pace.

11. British mill owners turned to capitalists to get the money they needed to build spinning factories and machines. By 1784, British workers were producing 24 times as much thread as they had in 1765.

12. Britain forbade skilled workers to leave the country in order to keep their technology a secret. But in 1789, an apprentice in one Arkwright’s factories did just that. Samuel Slater memorized the plans of Arkwright’s machines and then sailed to New York.

13. Slater joined forces with a wealthy merchant, Moses Brown, who had rented a textile mill in Pawtucket, Rhode Island. There, Slater built a spinning machine based on his memory of Arkwright’s machines. Slater’s successful mill marked the beginning of American industrialization.

14. In the U.S., industrialization began in the Northeast, where there were merchants who had the capital to build factories. But U.S. industry did not grow significantly until the War of 1812, when Americans could no longer rely on imported goods.

15. Before the 1800s, skilled craftsworkers made goods by hand, and when a part broke, they had to make a unique piece to fix the product. But American inventor Eli Whitney devised a system ofinterchangeable parts in the 1790s. This was one of the most important developments in American industry, called mass production.

16. Manufacturing became more efficient, and the prices of many goods dropped. People bought more goods, and U.S. industry expanded to satisfy their needs. U.S. Industry

17. Soon afterwards, in 1793 Eli Whitney, an American, gave a further boost to the textile industry. Whitney invented the cotton gin. The cotton gin was a machine that speeded up the process of cleaning cotton fibers. The machine took out the seeds from the cotton.

19. At dawn, 11-year-old Lucy Larcom woke to a factory bell she quickly ate breakfast and hurried to her job at a spinning mill. Years later she described her experience:“The buzzing and hissing and whizzing of the pulleys and rollers and spindles and flyers around me often grew tiresome …I could look across the room and see the girls moving backward and forward among the spinning frames, sometimes stooping, sometimes reaching up in their arms, as their work required.”

21. The new factories were staffed with “Lowell girls” from nearby farms, who received an education during their off-duty hours.

22. Unlike the Lowell girls, most factory workers had to tolerate harsh conditions. • American textile mills, coal mines, and steel foundries hired children as young as 7 to work long hours in unsafe conditions. • By 1880, more than a million children between the ages of 10 and 15 worked for pay.

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25. Objectives • Identify the problems faced by Americans moving westward. • Describe the impact of the building of the Erie Canal. • Discuss the debate over slavery and the Missouri Compromise.

26. Terms and People • Daniel Boone – a famous early pioneer who helped clear the Wilderness Road • turnpike – a toll road • corduroy road – a road made of sawed-off logs laid side by side • canal – a channel that is dug across land and filled with water • Henry Clay – a senator who persuaded Congress to adopt the Missouri Compromise

27. How did Americans move west, and how did this intensify the debate over slavery? New roads, turnpikes, and canals enabled northerners and southerners to move west. Westward expansion threatened to upset the balance between free and slave states and moved the nation closer to civil war.

28. During colonial times, the backcountry between the Atlantic Coast and the Appalachian Mountains was considered the western frontier. By the 1750s, the Scotch-Irish and the Germans of Pennsylvania had begun to settle the backcountry.

29. The road crossed the Appalachian Mountains through the Cumberland Gap into Kentucky. In 1775, Daniel Booneand others cleared the Wilderness Road, a new route to the West. The Wilderness Road became the main route across the Appalachians.

30. By the early 1800s, western populations swelled as immigrants moved west. From 1792 to 1819, eight states joined the Union.

31. Traveling west was not easy, because settlers used paths worn by animals as their roads. These roads were unpaved, dotted with tree stumps, and easily washed out by rain. Some capitalists decided to build betterroads so commerce could flow more easily.

32. Private companies began to build turnpikes. ¢ ¢ Travelers on these roads had to pay a toll in order to pass. ¢ In marshy areas, wagons traveled on corduroy roads, which were hazardous to horses.

33. In 1795, a private company in Pennsylvania built a turnpike between Lancaster and Philadelphia. The Lancaster Turnpike was the first long-distance stone road in the United States.

34. Traveling by road was slow, however, and people began to think about building canals so they could ship goods by water. Work on the Erie Canal, which would connect the Hudson River and Lake Erie, began in 1817.

35. Because the land in upstate New York is not level, locks were built to raise or lower boats in the canal. The workers that built the canal were mostly Irish immigrants.

36. The Erie Canal was very successful. • Within two years of its opening in 1825, the Erie Canal had paid for itself. • It sparked a surge of canal building. • Because it was at the end of the canal, New York soon became the richest city in the United States.

37. Westward expansion strengthened the United States, but it also caused disagreements over the extension of slavery. Free States Slave States In 1819, the United States consisted of 11 “free states,” which prohibited slavery, and 11 “slave states,” which permitted slavery.

38. However, Missouri had been seeking admission to the United States as a slave state since 1817. Northerners did not want to add a slave state to the United States. It was important to maintain a balance between representation of slave states and free states in the Senate.

39. A solution to the problem presented itself when Maine, a state that prohibited slavery, applied for admission to the Union. In 1820, Senator Henry Clay persuaded Congress to adopt the Missouri Compromise.

40. For the North For the South • Maine was admitted as a free state. • Missouri was admitted as a slave state. • The Louisiana Territory north of the southern Missouri border would be free. • Southern slave owners could pursue escaped slaves into free states.

41. The compromise preserved the balance of power between slave and free states.

42. The Missouri Compromise revealed how much sectional rivalries divided the Union. Southerners were unhappy that Congress was making laws about slavery. Northerners were angry that Congress had allowed slavery to expand into another state. In time, the issue of slavery would split the United States.

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44. Objectives • Describe the feeling of national unity that followed the War of 1812. • Explain how Congress tried to strengthen the national economy. • Discuss how Supreme Court rulings supported federal power and economic growth.

45. Terms and People • Henry Clay – Kentucky Congressman who favored federal action to improve the economy • John C. Calhoun – South Carolina Congressman who opposed high tariffs • Daniel Webster – Massachusetts Congressman who aligned with Clay and Calhoun • charter – a legal document giving certain rights to a person or company

46. Terms and People (continued) • dumping – selling goods in another country below market prices • contract – an agreement between two or more parties that can be enforced by law • capitalism – the economic system in which privately owned businesses compete in a free market • interstate commerce – trade between two or more states

47. How was the power of the federal government strengthened during the Era of Good Feelings? President Monroe’s term in office is known as the “Era of Good Feelings.” During this era, the President, Congress, and the Supreme Court all acted to increase federal authority.

48. Republican James Monroe won a landslide victory in the 1816 presidential election. The Federalist Party lost power. Within a few years, it disappeared completely.

49. Monroe promoted national unity. President Monroe’s two terms in office became known as the “Era of Good Feelings.” • The old arguments of the War of 1812 seemed to fade away. • He ran unopposed for re-election in 1820.

50. After 1815, many Americans believed the government should take action to improve the economy. Three influential Congressmen favored federal action.