Special Methods of Instruction I CIED 5243 Dr. Bowles, Instructor

1. Key Points Chapter OneShrum and Glisan Welcome MAT 2013-2014 Cohort Special Methods of Instruction I CIED 5243 Dr. Bowles, Instructor

2. Key Points Chapter One SLA: 1970s to investigate the nature of language learning in order to help language instructors shape classroom practice and the profession debate how learners acquire language. Debate: Language learning is an individual (cognitive) achievement vs. Language learning is a collaborative (social) achievement

3. An Individual Achievement • Behaviorism (1940s-50s: Skinner): S-R • Imitate / practice / reinforce • Communicative Competence (1960s—present: Chomsky): Innatist/Nativist • LAD / UG / Competence / Performance / meaningful input

4. An Individual Achievement Communicative Competence (Celce-Murcia, Dörnyei, & Thurrell, 1995) Discourse competence Sociocultural competence Linguistic competence Actional competence Strategic competence

5. An Individual Achievement • Krashen’s Input Hypothesis (1982) • Monitor Model • Acquisition-learning hypothesis • Monitor hypothesis • Natural order hypothesis • Input hypothesis • Affective filter hypothesis

6. An Individual Achievement • Terrell (1986) “ binding” • Van Patten (2004) Input processing • Performance variability • Interlanguage Theory (Selinker, 1974) • Long’s Interaction Hypothesis (1983) • Swain’s Output Hypothesis (1985)

7. A Collaborative Achievement • Vygotsky (1978): • learning precedes and contributes to development • Language performance with others exceeds what learner can do alone • ZPD—distance between actual developmental level and potential developmental level • Expert and novice work together • Transforms individual knowledge of task & understanding of each other • Reciprocal learning

8. A Collaborative Achievement • Vygotsky: • Scaffolding • Enlists learner’s interest • Simplifies task • Keeps learner motivated and on task • Highlights relevant features & points out discrepancies • Reduces stress • Models idealized form of task

9. A Collaborative Achievement • Mediation tools • Textbook • Visuals • Classroom discourse • L2 interaction • Direct instruction • Teacher assistance • Self-talk (Ellis, 1997) aka private talk (Vygotsky) • Language play (Lantoff, 1997) • Ludic play (Broner & Tarone, 2001)

10. A Collaborative Achievement • Interactional Competence (Mehan, 1979; Hall, 1995) • Input must occur within meaningful contexts & situated within real communication for SLA to occur. • Establish topic (frame rhetorical structure) • Omit known information (ellipses) • Relate lexical items (referents) • Use expressive reactions, questions to advance topic, ask for explanation or extension, or transition to new topic

11. A Collaborative Achievement • Affect and Motivation (Dulay & Burt, 1997) • Affective Filter Hypothesis • Characteristics: effect on motivation, anxiety levels, and attitude • Motivation influenced by personality factors • Krashen (1982) • For acquisition to occur, learners need to be motivated, confident, and have a low level of anxiety.

12. A Collaborative Achievement • Dörnyei & Skehan (2003) • Define motivation as the • Choice of action • Persistence on the action • Effort expended on the action • Gardner (1985) • Individual motivation is • Instrumental—get a job / get a grade • Integrative—talk to native speakers/ fit in