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CHAPTER 12

CHAPTER 12. BIRDS MAMMALS. Section 1: BIRDS. Endothermic vertebrate Feathers and a 4-chamber heart Lay eggs Adaptations for FLIGHT include: Hollow bones Forelimbs form wings Large chest muscles Feathers. Contour Feathers. Large and give bird its shape

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CHAPTER 12

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  1. CHAPTER 12 BIRDS MAMMALS

  2. Section 1: BIRDS • Endothermic vertebrate • Feathers and a 4-chamber heart • Lay eggs • Adaptations for FLIGHT include: • Hollow bones • Forelimbs form wings • Large chest muscles • Feathers

  3. Contour Feathers • Large and give bird its shape • Flight feathers on the wings and tail • Help to balance and steer • Consists of: • Central shaft • Barbs- projections • Hooks- hold barbs together

  4. Down Feathers • Short, fluffy, soft and flexible feathers • Trap heat and keep bird warm • Right next to bird’s skin • At the base of contour feathers

  5. Obtaining Oxygen • System of air sacs that connect to lungs • Maximizes oxygen consumption • Circulatory System: • 4-chamber heart- 2 atria and 2 ventricles • No mixing of O2 poor w/ O2 rich blood

  6. Obtaining Food • Bills (no teeth) • Capture, grip, handle food • Shaped for quick and efficient feeding • Crop = internal food storage tank • Connected to the stomach • Stomach- two parts • Food is bathed in chemicals for break down • Gizzard- thick-walled, muscular part • Squeezes and grinds partially digested food

  7. Section 2: Physics of Bird Flight • Lift- upward force that allows birds to fly • Fast air above bird = low pressure • Caused by wing beats, angle/shape of the wings • Slow air below bird = high pressure • Three types of Flight: • Flapping • Soaring and gliding • Diving

  8. Types of Flight • Flapping- requires lots of energy • Needed to get birds off the ground • Used for long distance flying • Soaring and gliding • Involves very little wing movement • Use warm air currents for soaring upward • Use cold air currents for gliding downward • Diving- does not use LIFT • Used for hunting prey

  9. Section 3: Mammals • 4,000 species of Endothermic vertebrates • 4-chamber heart • Skin covered with hair or fur • Young are fed with milk from mother • Milk is produced in mammary glands

  10. Obtaining Food • 4 types of teeth: • Canines- pointed for stabbing and tearing • Incisors- flat-edged for biting and cutting • Pre-Molars – grinding and shredding • Molars- behind the pre-molars • Canines for carnivores • Molars for herbivores

  11. Obtaining Oxygen • Breathe in and out with lungs • Aided by: • Rib muscles • Diaphragm- large muscle under rib cage • 4-chambered heart and 2-loop circulatory system

  12. Adaptations • For keeping conditions stable: • Fur/hair • Layer of fat under skin • For movement: • Walk/run on 4 limbs • Hopping, climbing, swimming • Nervous system: • Learn and remember • Highly specialized sense organs

  13. Diversity of Mammals • 3 main groups: • Monotremes- spiny anteaters/duck-billed platypus • egg-laying mammals • Marsupials- Koalas, kanagaroos, opossums • Young born during early stages and grow in pouch • Gestation Period is very short (13 days for opossums) • Time between fertilization and birth • Placental mammals- all other mammals • Young develop inside mother until all systems are able to function independently of mother • Development inside placenta • Allows for gas and food exchange between mother and embryo

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