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WWII

WWII. Causes, Conflict, and Consequences, 1919-1945. Exploitable Frustrations with Tr. Of Versailles. Polish Corridor Reparations Tariffs Security provisions require enforcement. Totalitarianism. Individual Subordinated to the state

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WWII

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  1. WWII Causes, Conflict, and Consequences, 1919-1945

  2. Exploitable Frustrations with Tr. Of Versailles • Polish Corridor • Reparations • Tariffs • Security provisions require enforcement

  3. Totalitarianism • Individual Subordinated to the state • Strong dictators created a cult of personality that tied the individual to the glories of the state • Dictators linked popular frustration to popular scapegoats • Economic woes—first in early Weimar Germany—and then in the late 1920s across the globe fueled discontent and strengthened the appeal of the dictators.

  4. Benito Mussolini (1883-1945) • Played on frustrated Italian nationalism and fear of communism. • March on Rome • Other parties outlawed • Corporatism • Vatican Accord

  5. Josef Stalin (1879-1953) • Political skills helped him triumph over rivals following Lenin’s Death • 5 year plans • Purged army, party, and Kulaks

  6. Adolf Hilter (1889-1945) • War Hero • N.S.D.A.P. • Beer Hall Putsch • Mein Kampf--lebensraum • Enabling Act of 1933 • Nuremburg Laws • Kristallnacht

  7. Japan • Tension between militarists and liberals • Depression • Murder of Hamaguchi Yuko • Militarists seize cabinet • Movement toward “Greater East Asian Co-Prosperity Sphere”

  8. Aggression by the Dictators • Manchuria invaded 1931 • Ethiopia invaded 1935 • Remilitarization of the Rhineland 1936 • Spanish Civil War • Anschlußwith Austria 1938 • Sudetenland crisis 1938 • Remainder of Czechoslovakia seized 1938 • Non-aggression treaty with Russia • Poland invaded 1939

  9. Munich Conference: Chamberlain and Hitler

  10. Appeasement • Belief that WWI treaties were unfair • Lack of belief in liberal democracy • Anything is better than war • “peace in our time” • War finally declared by Britain and France in September 1939.

  11. WWII • Following sitzkrieg, Germany invaded and conquered France and subjected Great Britain to aerial assault. • Loosing patience, Hitler ordered his army to launch Operation Barbarossa against Russia • U. S. began to supply aid—Cash & Carry, Destroyers for Bases, Lend-Lease—to Great Britain and Lend-Lease aid to Russia.

  12. Pearl Harbor • Japanese desire to get raw materials and oil for Indonesia necessitated attacks on the Philippines and Pearl Harbor • Attack on Dec. 7, spurred U. S. to declare war on Japan on Dec. 8. • Germany declared war on U. S. in response to its declaration of war on Japan.

  13. War Aims and Strategies • Atlantic Charter—better international economics and collective security as a war aim. • Focus on Germany first • Led to coordinated attacks in North Africa and expulsion of German military there.

  14. Key Military Operations • Pacific secured following Battles of Coral Sea, Midway, and Guadalcanal in 1942 • Sicily invaded in 1943 • Russian counterattack from Stalingrad • Allies won Battle of Atlantic by Spring ’43 • Operation Overlord • Battle of the Bulge

  15. The Beaches at Normandy became a vast staging area

  16. Key Military Operations • Germany surrendered on May 7, 1945—VE day is May 8 • Island Hopping strategy in Pacific • Philippines reoccupied, then Iwo Jima, and Okinawa • Huge losses make Operations Coronet and Olympic too deadly to undertake, especially with Japan’s ketsu-go defense • Atomic Bombs dropped on August 6, 1945 (Hiroshima) and August 9, 1945 (Nagasaki)

  17. Outcomes • Holocaust leads to Nuremburg Trials—Crimes against humanity • Nuclear Arms Race/Cold War—defined by need for security and nuclear bombs • Huge loss of life • War cost over a trillion dollars. • United Nations Created

  18. Some of the 6,000,000 dead due to the Holocaust

  19. Nuremberg Trials

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