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Qualitative Data Analysis

Qualitative Data Analysis. Dr Hilary Engward. Assumptions in Research. Subjective Small sale Narrative Insight into Opportunist Purposive Theoretical Trustworthiness Transferability Credibility. Objective Hypothesis Large scale Statistics Cause and effect Random

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Qualitative Data Analysis

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  1. Qualitative Data Analysis Dr Hilary Engward

  2. Assumptions in Research • Subjective • Small sale • Narrative • Insight into • Opportunist • Purposive • Theoretical • Trustworthiness • Transferability • Credibility • Objective • Hypothesis • Large scale • Statistics • Cause and effect • Random • Control of variable • Reliability • Validity • Generalizability Qualitative Quantitative

  3. Research Relationship Purposive: small n, typical characteristics.

  4. Process

  5. Coding • Process of combing the data for themes, ideas and categories • Coding the data makes it easier to search the data, to make comparisons and to identify any patterns that require further investigation. • Useful resources: QDA on line: • http://onlineqda.hud.ac.uk/Intro_QDA/how_what_to_code.php

  6. Codes are grounded in data: • Themes, Topics • Ideas, Concepts • Terms, Phrases • Keywords • Chunks of data are fractured and coded. • Coding is only as good as the collected data and the researcher…

  7. Approaches to starting coding • a priori ideas e.g. pre-existing theories • new codes grounded in data (grounded theory). A priori codes • Previous research/theory • The questions you are addressing • Topics from your interview schedule

  8. Grounded codes • Grounded codes emerge from the data • If its not in the data, its not there – (multiple) evidence in the data needs to be there – essential for credibility and intelligibility

  9. What to look for when you are coding Charmaz (writing in the grounded theory tradition) ask the following questions about the data you are coding: • What is going on? • What are people doing? • What is the person saying? • How do structure/context serve to support, maintain, impede or change actions/ statements? (Charmaz 2003: 94-95)

  10. Example: Descriptive Coding • http://onlineqda.hud.ac.uk/Intro_QDA/coding_examples.php

  11. Non- Hierarchical coding (flat coding) • A non-hierarchical arrangement of codes, like a list, there are no sub-code levels. • Close, generalised friendships • Sports club members • Work friends • Making new friends - same sex • Making new friends - different sex • Losing touch with friends • (In a real code list, you should also include short definitions.)

  12. Hierarchical coding (tree coding) • A hierarchical arrangement of codes, like a tree, a branching arrangement of sub-codes. Ideally, codes in a tree relate to their parents by being 'examples of...', or 'contexts for...' or 'causes of...' or 'settings for...' and so on. • Friendship types • Close, generalized • Sporting • Club • Non-club • Work • Changes in Friendship • Making new friends • New same sex friends • New different sex friends • Losing touch • Becoming sexual relationship

  13. Meaningful Names • That gives an indication of the idea or concept that underpins the theme or category. • Any parts of the data that relate to a code topic are coded with the appropriate label. • This process of coding involves close reading of the text. • If a theme is identified from the data that does not quite fit the codes already existing then a new code is created. • As the researcher reads through their data the number of codes they have will evolve and grow as more topics or themes become apparent. • The list of codes thus will help to identify the issues contained in the data set.

  14. Constant Comparison • Every time you code, compare it with previous codes • This ensures that your coding is consistent and allows the possibility that some codes don’t fit (and might therefore be better codes as something else) • or that there are dimensions that might well be coded another way.

  15. Memos and codes • Keep written notes that are meaningful to you during the coding process. • A major use for memos is to record longer definitions of the codes and to note any analytic thoughts you have about the significance and relationship to others of the code in question: • why you have created the code • some detail of what the code is about and what the coded text reveals • why you have changed a code (for instance re-named it) • thoughts and questions about the analysis that occur to you as you code • Memos are essential if you are working in a team and sharing the coding of the data so colleagues know why you have coded the data in that way.

  16. Have a go… • Look at the sample data and code. • Ask yourself: • What is going on? • What are people doing? • What is the person saying? • How does structure/context serve to support, maintain, impede or change actions/statements? Prepare to present your thoughts to others – provide evidence from data (not your interpretations of the data)

  17. Other techniques to identify themes and codes • Ryan and Bernard (2003) suggest a number of ways in which those coding transcripts can discover new themes in their data. Drawing heavily on Strauss and Corbin (1990) they suggest these include: • Word repetitions – look for commonly used words and words whose close repetition may indicated emotions • Indigenous categories (what the grounded theorists refer to as in vivo codes) – terms used by respondents with a particular meaning and significance in their setting. • Key-words-in-context – look for the range of uses of key terms in the phrases and sentences in which they occur. • Compare and contrast – essentially the grounded theory idea of constant comparison. Ask, ‘what is this about?’ and ‘how does it differ from the preceding or following statements?’ • Social science queries – introduce social science explanations and theories, for example, to explain the conditions, actions, interaction and consequences of phenomena. • Searching for missing information – essentially try to get an idea of what is not being done or talked out, but which you would have expected to find.

  18. Metaphors and analogies – people often use metaphor to indicate something about their key, central beliefs about things and these may indicate the way they feel about things too. • Transitions – one of the discursive elements in speech which includes turn-taking in conversation as well as the more poetic and narrative use of story structures. • Connectors – connections between terms such as causal (‘since’, ‘because’, ‘as’ etc) or logical (‘implies’, ‘means’, ‘is one of’ etc.) • Unmarked text – examine the text that has not been coded at a theme or even not at all. • Pawing (i.e. handling) – marking the text and eyeballing or scanning the text. Circle words, underline, use coloured highlighters, run coloured lines down the margins to indicate different meanings and coding. Then look for patterns and significances. • Cutting and sorting – the traditional technique of cutting up transcripts and collecting all those coded the same way into piles, envelopes or folders or pasting them onto cards. Laying out all these scraps and re-reading them, together, is an essential part of the process of analysis.

  19. Summary of Analysis • Coding involves categorising and indexing sections or chunks of your data, • Codes can come from theory and explanations 'outside the data' and/or 'emerge from the data', • Data formats that can be coded ranges from transcribed text to video, • Coding often starts by being descriptive but needs to becomes analytical, • Any new codes created should be applied to the whole data set (previously coded units of data), • Memos should be used to record your thoughts and ideas about your codes during the process.

  20. Guidelines for the Assignment A research proposal to investigate a specific, clearly stated, research problem. Your work should address the following: • Reason/ rationale for investigation of the research problem. • A background/ contextualization of the research topic. • The design of the research, which demonstrates the logic linking of the methodological approach and research design appropriate to the research question. • Methods selected for the collection of data and data analysis, with discussion as to their appropriateness over alternatives (strengths and limitations of the chosen approach). • Ethical implications and procedures • Reliability and validity/trustworthiness issues (see ppt) • Suggestions for dissemination of findings and any potential implication for policy and practice. • FOLLOW THE MODULE GUIDE

  21. References • Ryan, G.W. and Bernard, H.R. (2003b) 'Techniques to Identify Themes', Field Methods, 15(1): 85-109. • Strauss, Anselm and Corbin, Juliet (1990) Basics of Qualitative Research. Grounded Theory Procedures and Techniques. Newbury Park, CA: Sage. (2nd Ed. 1998)

  22. Qualitative methods • Miller, R.L. and Brewer, J. D. (2003) The A-Z of Social Research - A Dictionary of Key Social Science Research Concepts, Sage Publications, London. • Most of the following books have useful chapters on Qualitative Analysis. • Atkinson, P., Coffey, A., Delamont, S., Lofland, J., & Lofland, L. (2001) Handbook of Ethnography. London, Thousand Oaks, New Delhi: Sage. • Bauer, M. W. and Gaskell, G. (Eds) (2000) Qualitative Researching with Text, Image and Sound. London: Sage. • Becker, H. S. (1998) Tricks of the Trade: How to think about your Research while You’re Doing it. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. • Bogdan, R and Biklen, S K (1992) Qualitative research for education: An introduction to theory and methodsAllyn & Bacon, Boston • Brewer, J.D. (2000) Ethnography. Buckingham: Open University Press. • Burgess, R. G. (1982). Field Research: A Sourcebook and Field Manual. London: Routledge. • Burgess, R. G. (1984). In the Field: An Introduction to Field Research. London: Routledge. • Cassell, B. & Symon, G. (Eds.) (1998) Qualitative Methods and Analysis in Organizational Research. London: Sage. • Crabtree, B. F., & Miller, W. L. (1992). Doing qualitative research: Sage, Newbury Park, CA. and London. • Creswell, J. W. (1998). Qualitative Inquiry and Research Design: Choosing Among Five Traditions. London, Thousand Oaks CA: Sage Publications. • Deacon, D. Bryman,A. Fenton, N. (1998). 'Collision or Collusion? A discussion and case study of the unplanned triangulation of quantitative and qualitative research methods' International Journal of Social Research Methodology: Theory and Practice Vol 1 No 1 Social Research Association. • Denzin, N K and Lincoln, Y S (Eds.) (1994) Handbook of Qualitative Research. London: Sage.

  23. Denzin, N K and Lincoln, Y S (Eds.) (1994) Handbook of Qualitative Research. London: Sage. • Denzin, N K and Lincoln, Y S (Eds.) (1998) The Landscape of Qualitative Research: Theory and Issues. London: Sage. Part of Handbook of Qualitative Research (1994) in paperback. • Denzin, N K and Lincoln, Y S (Eds.) (1998) Strategies of Qualitative Inquiry. London: Sage. Part of Handbook of Qualitative Research (1994) in paperback. • Ely , M (1991) Doing qualitative research - circles within circles. London New York: Falmer Press. • Flick, Uwe (1998) An Introduction to Qualitative Research. London: Sage • Glesne, C and Peshkin, A (1992) Becoming a qualitative researcher: An introduction, New York: Longman. • Grbich, C (1999) Qualitative research in health - an introduction. London: Sage. • Gubrium, J. F., & Holstein, J. A. (2002) Handbook of Interview Research: Context and Method. Thousand Oaks, Ca: Sage. • Hammersley, M (1992) What’s wrong with ethnography? London: Routledge. • Holloway, I. (1997). Basic concepts for qualitative research: Blackwell Science, Oxford, Malden MA. • Holloway, I and Wheeler, S (1996) Qualitative research for nurses. Oxford: Blackwell Science. • Janesick, V. J. (1998). Stretching Exercises for Qualitative Researchers. London: Sage. • Kvale, S. (1996). InterViews: An Introduction to Qualitative Research Interviewing. London: Sage. • Layder, D. (1993). New Strategies in Social Research. Oxford: Polity Press. • LeCompte, M D and Preissle, J with Tesch, R (1993) Ethnography and qualitative design in educational research, New York: Academic Press. • Lee, R.M. (2000) Unobtrusive Measures in Social Research. Buckingham: Open University Press. • Lofland, J and Lofland, L H (1995) Analyzing Social Settings: A Guide to Qualitative Observation and Analysis, Belmont, CA: Wadsworth. • Mach, S ft. & Gates, M.F. (1999) The researcher experience in qualitative researh. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

  24. Good articles or texts on coding • Coffey, A. and Atkinson, P. (1996) Making sense of Qualitative Data Analysis: Complementary Research Strategies. London, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. See chapter 2. • Langdridge, D. (2004) Research Methods and Data Analysis in Psychology. Harlow: Pearson Education. Chapter 14. • Mason, J. (1996) Qualitative researching. London: Sage. See chapter 6. • Maykut, P. and Morehouse, R. (2001) Beginning Qualitative Research: A philosophical and practical guide. London: RoutledgeFalmer. See part III. • Miles, M.B. and Huberman, A.M. (1994) Qualitative data analysis: a sourcebook of new methods. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage. Chapter 4. • Ritchie, J. and Lewis, J. (eds) (2003) Qualitative Research Practice: A Guide for Social Science Students and Researchers. London: Sage. Chapters 8 and 9. • Ryan, G.W. and Bernard, H.R. (2003b) 'Techniques to Identify Themes', Field Methods, 15(1): 85-109. • See also: • Ryan, G.W. and Bernard, H.R. (2003a) 'Techniques to Identify Themes in Qualitative Data', • Smith, J.A. (ed) (2003) Qualitative Psychology: A practical guide to research methods. London, Thousand Oaks, New Delhi: Sage. See especially chapters 4 and 5. • Strauss, Anselm and Corbin, Juliet (1990) Basics of Qualitative Research. Grounded Theory Procedures and Techniques. Newbury Park, CA: Sage. (2nd Ed. 1998)

  25. Content Analysis • Berelson B. (1952) Content Analysis in Communication Research. Glencoe, IL: Free Press, 1952. • Budd, R. W., Thorp R. K., and Donohew, L. (1967) Content Analysis of Communications. New York: Macmillan. • Carney, T. F. (1972) Content Analysis: A Technique for Systematic Inference from Communications.Winnepeg: University of Manitoba Press. • Franzosi, R. P. (2004) From Words to Numbers: Narrative, Data, and Social Science. New York: Cambridge University Press. • Gerbner, G., Holsti, O.R., Krippendorff, K., Paisley, W. and Stone, P. J. eds. (1969) The Analysis of Communication Content: Developments in Scientific Theories and Computer Techniques. New York: John Wiley and Sons. • Gottschalk, L. A. (1995) Content Analysis of Verbal Behavior: New Findings and Clinical Applications. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. • Gottschalk, L. A., and Gleser, G. C. (1969) The Measurement of Psychological States Through the Content Analysis of Verbal Behavior. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. • Holsti, O. R.(1969) Content Analysis for the Social Sciences and Humanities. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley. • Krippendorff, K. (2004) Content Analysis: An Introduction to Its Methodology. 2nd ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sag • Nissan, E, and Schmidt, K. eds. (1995) From Information to Knowledge: Conceptual and Content Analysis by Computer. London: Intellect. • North, R. C., Holsti, O. R., Zaninovich, M.G. and Zinnes, D.A. (1963) Content Analysis: A Handbook with Applications for the Study of International Crisis. Chicago: Northwestern University Press. • Neuendorf, K. A. (2002) The Content Analysis Guidebook. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. • Pool, Ithiel de Sola, ed. (1959) Trends in Content Analysis. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. • Popping, R. (2000) Computer-assisted Text Analysis. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. • Roberts, C. W., ed. (1997) Text Analysis for the Social Sciences: Methods for Drawing Inferences from Texts and Transcripts. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. • Rosengren, K. E. ed. (1981) Advances in Content Analysis. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage. • Riffe, D. Lacy, S. and Fico, F.G. (2005) Analyzing Media Messages: Using Quantitative Content Analysis in Research. 2nd ed. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. • Smith, C. P., ed. (1992) Motivation and Personality: Handbook of Thematic Content Analysis. New York: Cambridge University Press. • Stone, P. J., Dunphy, D. C., Smith, M. S. and Ogilvie, D. M. (1966) The General Inquirer: A Computer Approach to Content Analysis. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. • Weber, R. P. (1990) Basic Content Analysis. 2nd ed. Newbury Park, CA: Sage. • West, M. D., ed. (2001) Applications of Computer Content Analysis. Westport, CT: Ablex. • West, M. D., ed. (2001) Theory, Method, and Practice in Computer Content Analysis. Westport, CT: Ablex.Content Analysis http://www.lboro.ac.uk/research/mmethods/resources/links/ca.html • Content analysis researchers at Univ. of Alabamahttp://bama.ua.edu/~wevans/content/cchild_grey.htm • List serv CONTENT Internet mailing listCONTENT welcomes discussion of the theoretical, methodological, and technological aspects of quantitative text and image analysishttp://bama.ua.edu/~wevans/content/cchild_grey.htm

  26. Conversation analysis • Antaki, C. (2005) An Introduction to Conversation AnalysisAvailable on line at: http://www-staff.lboro.ac.uk/~ssca1/intro1.htm • Atkinson, J.M. and Heritage, J. (Eds.) (1984) Structures of Social Action: Studies in Conversation Analysis.. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. • Psathas, G (1994) Conversation Analysis : The Study of Talk-in-Interaction Sage, Newbury Park, London • Tannen, D (1986) Conversational Analysis. Norwood, NJ: Ablex. • Wooffitt, R (1993) “Analysing Accounts” in N. Gilbert (Ed.) (1993) Researching Social Life. London: Sage, pp. 287-305. • There are several videos about conversation analysis and discourse analysis on the AIEMCA YouTube Channel. The ACECA, th Australian Institute for Ethnomethodology and Conversation Analysis, was formed in 2001 as a joint initiative of the Australian delegates at the July 2001 meetings of the International Institute for Ethnomethodology and Conversation Analysis in Manchester (UK). • The AIEMCA Channel

  27. Discourse Analysis • Video of a talk 'What is Discourse Analysis' by Stephanie Taylor of the Open University given at the 2010 ESRC Research Methods Festival. This both explains what Discourse Analysis is and give an example of the discourse of nations. • There are several videos about conversation analysis and discourse analysis on the AIEMCA YouTube Channel. The ACECA, th Australian Institute for Ethnomethodology and Conversation Analysis, was formed in 2001 as a joint initiative of the Australian delegates at the July 2001 meetings of the International Institute for Ethnomethodology and Conversation Analysis in Manchester (UK). • The AIEMCA Channel • Coyle, A (1995) “Discourse Analysis” in G. Breakwell, S. Hammond and C. Fife-Shaw (Eds.) (1995) Research Methods in Psychology. London: Sage, pp. 243-258. • Edwards, D. & Potter, J. (1992) Discursive Psychology, London: Sage. • Hammersley, M. (2002) Discourse analysis: A Bibliographical Guide • and at discourseanalysis.blogchina.com/inc/20050120231555563641.pdf • MacMillan, K. Discourse Analysis — A Primerhttp://www.lboro.ac.uk/research/mmethods/resources/links/da_primer.html • Potter, J. (1996): "Discourse Analysis and Constructionist Approaches: Theoretical Background" In: John T.E. Richardson (ed.): " Handbook of qualitative research methods for psychology and the social sciences," Leicester: BPS Books. • Potter, J. and Wetherall, M. (1987) Discourse and Social Psychology: Beyond Attitudes and Behaviour. London: Sage. On discourse analysis.Stembrouck, S. (2004) What is meant by "discourse analysis"?http://bank.rug.ac.be/da/da.htm • Tannen, D. Discourse Analysis.http://www.lsadc.org/fields/index.php?aaa=discourse.htm • Wodak, R & Meyer, M. (2001) Methods of Critical Discourse Analysis. London: Sage. • Wodak, R (1996) Disorders of discourse. London: Longman • Chouliaraki, Lilie & Fairclough, Norman 1999. Discourse in Late Modernity. Edinburgh:Edinburgh University Press. • Fairclough, Norman 2005. ‘Critical discourse analysis’, in:MargesLinguistiques 9 2005.Available: http://www.ling.lancs.ac.uk/profiles/263. • Glynos, Jason et.al 2009. ‘Discourse Analysis: Varieties and Methods’. ESRC NationalCentre for Research Methods. Available:http://eprints.ncrm.ac.uk/796/1/discourse_analysis_NCRM_014.pdf • Howarth David & Glynos, Jason 2008. ‘Interpretations, Mechanisms, and Logics’.Unpublished conference paper from 1st IDA World Conference, Roskilde University,Denmark, 8-10 September 2008. Available:http://magenta.ruc.dk/upload/application/pdf/f51d6748/Glynos_Howarth.pdf • Howarth, David 2000. Discourse. Buckingham & Philadelphia: Open University Press. • Howarth, David & Torfing, Jacob 2005 (eds.). Discourse Theory in European Politics.Basingstoke: Palgrave McMillan. • JørgensenWinther, Marianne & Phillips, Louise 2002. Discourse Analysis as Theory andMethod. London: Sage Publications. • Kendall, Gavin & Wodak, Ruth 2007. ‘What Is Critical Discourse Analysis? Ruth Wodak inConversation with Gavin Kendall’, in: Forum: Qualitative Sozialforschung, vol. 8, no. 2, art.Available: http://www.ling.lancs.ac.uk/staff/wodak/interview.pdf and http://www.qualitative-research.net/fqs-texte/2-07/07-2-29-e.htm • Kipnis, Andrew 2003. ‘Post-marxism in a Post-Socialist Perspective’, in: AnthropologicalTheory, 3; 457. • Laclau, Ernesto & Mouffe, Chantal 1985/2001. Hegemony and Socialist Strategy: Towards aRadical Democratic Politics. London: Verso, pp. vii-xix; 1-5; 93-193. • Meyer, Michael & Wodak, Ruth 2001 (eds.). Methods of Critical Discourse Analysis.London: SAGE Publications. • Norval, Aletta 2006. ‘Democratic Identification: A Wittgensteinian Approach’, in PoliticalTheory, 34, No. 2. • Wodak, Ruth & Krzyzanowski, Michal 2008. Qualitative Discourse Analysis in the SocialSciences, Basingstoke: Palgrave McMillan. • Wodak, Ruth (ed.) 2009. The Discursive Construction of National Identity. Edinburgh:Edinburgh University Press. • Žižek, Slavoj 1990. ‘Beyond Discourse Analysis’, appendix in: New Reflections on theRevolution of Our Times (ed. Ernesto Laclau). London & New York: Verso. • Norrick, Neal R. (n.d.) Discourse Analysis – bibliography

  28. Ethnography • Atkinson, P. et al. (Eds.). (2001). Handbook of ethnography. London: Sage. • Brewer, J.D. (2000) Ethnography. Buckingham: Open University Press. A recent text with discussion of ethnographic analysis • Fetterman, D. (1998).Ethnographv step by step (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. • Grills, S. (Ed.). (l998). Doing ethnographic research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. • Hammersley, M. and Atkinson, P. (1983) Ethnography: Principles in Practice. London: Routledge. A classic, and well tried text. Contains discussion of analysis in ethnography. • Hine, C. (2000). Virtual ethnography. London: Sage. • Machin, D. (2002). Ethnographic research for media studies. London: Arnold. • Pink, 5. (2001). Doing visual ethnography. London: Sage. • Roper, J., & Shapira, J. (2000). Ethnography in nursing research. London: Sage. • Spradley, J.P. (1979) The Ethnographic Interview, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich College Publishers, Florida. • Stewart, A. (1998). The ethnographer method. Qualitative Research Methods series (Vol. 46). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. • Taylor, S. (Ed). (2001). Ethnographic research. London: Sage. • Warren, C. A., & Hacjney, J. K. (2000). Gender issues in ethnographv. London: Sage. • Two videos of David Silverman where he contrasts interviews with naturally occuring data for qualitative research. He also mentions the idea of the 'Interview Society' that he developed with Paul Atkinson. • David Silverman on Qualitative Research Methods & Natural Data. Part 1 - Part 2

  29. Grounded Theory • Barney Glaser and Anselm Strauss - founders of grounded theory • Books and papers • Bryant, Antony (2003). 'A Constructive/ist Response to Glaser' [25 paragraphs]. Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung / Forum: Qualitative Social Research, 4(1), Art. 15, http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0114-fqs0301155. [Date of access: Dec 5th 2009] • Bryant, Antony. (2002) 'Re-grounding Grounded Theory'. The Journal of Information Technology Theory and Application, 4, 1, 25-42. • Charmaz, Kathy. (2000). 'Grounded Theory: Objectivist and Constructivist Methods'. In Norman Denzin & Yvonna S. Lincoln (Eds.), Handbook of Qualitative Research (2nd. edition, pp.509-535). Thousand Oaks: Sage. • Charmaz, K. (2006) Constructing Grounded Theory: A Practical Guide Through Qualitative Analysis. London, Thousand Oaks, New Delhi: Sage. A constructivist approach to grounded theory: data are not just found (or 'discovered'), they are constructed. • Charmaz, K. and Bryant, A (Eds) (2007) The SAGE Handbook of Grounded Theory. London: Sage. This is now available in a paperback version. Contents: • PART ONE: ORIGINS AND HISTORY GT in Historical Perspective Antony Bryant & Kathy CharmazAn Epistemological Account Discovery of GT in Practice Eleanor KrassnerCovanLegacy of Multiple Mentors Living GT Susan Leigh StarCognitive & Emotional Forms of Pragmatism PART TWO: GTM AND FORMAL GT Doing Formal Theory Barney GlaserEssential Properties for Growing GT Phyllis SternEvolution of Formal GT Margaret KearneyOrthodoxy versus Power Jane HoodPART THREE: GT IN PRACTICE Grounding Categories Ian DeyDevelopment of Categories UdoKelleAbduction Jo ReichertzSampling in GT Janice MorseMemo-writing in GT Lora LempertCoding Judith HoltonPART FOUR: PRACTICALITIES Making Teams work in Conducting GT Carolyn WienerTeaching GT SharleneHesse-BiberGT as a Tool for IS Research Cathy UrquhartPART FIVE: GT IN THE RESEACRH METHODS CONTEXT GT and Situational Analysis Adele Clarke & Carrie FrieseGT and Action Research Bob DickIntegrating GT and Feminist Methods Virginia OlesenAccommodating Critical Theory Barry GibsonGT and the Politics of Interpretation Norman DenzinGT & Diversity Denise O'Neil Green, John W. Creswell, Ronald J. Shope, Vicki L. Plano ClarkEthnography Stefan Timmermans & IddoTavoryPART SIX: GT IN THE CONTEXT OF THE SOCIAL SCIENCES GT and Reflexivity KatjaMruck & GuenterMey

  30. Mediating Structure and Interaction Bruno HildenbrandTensions in Using GT Karen LockeGT & Pragmatism JoergStruebing • Clarke, A.E. (2005) Situational Analysis: Grounded Theory After the Postmodern Turn. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc. • Corbin, J and Strauss, A. (1996). Analytic ordering for theoretical purposes. Qualitative inquiry, 2(2), pp. 139-150. • Dey, Ian (1999) Grounding Grounded Theory: Guidelines for Qualitative Inquiry Academic Press. • Glaser, Barney. (1978). Theoretical Sensitivity: Advances in the Methodology of Grounded Theory. Mill Valley, CA: Sociology Press. • Glaser, B. G. (1992). Emergence vs. Forcing: Basics of Grounded Theory Analysis. Mill Valley, California: Sociology Press. • Glaser, Barney G. (2002). 'Constructivist Grounded Theory?' [47 paragraphs]; <http://www .qualitative -research.net/fqs -texte/3-02/3 -02glaser-e.htm> [Date of access: Dec 5th 2009]. September, Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung / Forum: Qualitative Social Research, 3, 3. • Glaser, B. G., & Strauss, A. L. (1967). The Discovery of Grounded Theory: Strategies for Qualitative Research. Chicago: Aldine. The original text on the grounded theory approach. • Goulding, C. (2002) Grounded Theory: A Practical Guide for Management, Business and Market Researchers. London: Sage. • Clarke, Adele E. Situational Analysis: Grounded Theory After the Postmodern Turn. Illustrated edition. Sage Publications, Inc, 2005. • Kools, S, McCarthy, M, Durham, R and Robrecht, L. (1996) Dimensional analysis- Broadening the conception of grounded theory. Qualitative Health Research, 6(3), pp. 312-330. • May, K A. (1996) Diffusion, dilution, or distillation?- The case of grounded theory method. Qualitative Health Research, 6(3), pp. 309-311. • Miller, S I and Fredericks, M. (1999) How does grounded theory explain? Qualitative Health Research, 9(4), pp. 538-551. • Morse, J.M., Noerager Stern, P., Corbin, J.M., Charmaz, K.C., Bowers, B.J. and Clarke, A.E. (2009) Developing Grounded Theory: The Second Generation. Walnut Creek, Calif.: Left Coast Press. Chapters are: • 1. A History of Grounded Theory, Phyllis Noerager Stern2. The Straussian Perspective, Juliet M. Corbin3. The Glaserian Perspective, PhllisNoerager Stern4. Leonard Schatzman and Dimensional Analysis, Barbara Bowers5. Situational Analysis, Adele E. Clarke6. Constructivist Grounded Theory, Kathy C. Charmaz7. Issues and Future Directions in Grounded Theory Research, Janice M. Morse

  31. Strauss, A. L. (1987). Qualitative Analysis for Social Scientists. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. • Strauss, A.L. and Corbin, J. (2008) Basics of Qualitative Research: Techniques and Procedures for developing Grounded Theory. (3rd. ed.). Thousand Oaks: Sage. Good, clear, step-by-step introduction to the interpretivist version of grounded theory. The Third Edition includes real data to practise with qualitative software, such as MAXQDA as well as student exercises. • Strauss, A. L., & Corbin, J. (1997). Grounded Theory in Practice. London: Sage. • Strübing, Jörg (2008) Grounded Theory: Zursozialtheoretischen und epistemologischenFundierung des VerfahrensderempirischbegründetenTheoriebildung. 2nd Ed. VS VerlagfürSozialwischenschaften. In German, but some of the material on pragmatism can be found in English in Strübing's chapter in the Sage Handbook. • De Vreede, Gert-Jan, Jones, Noel & Mgaya, Rabson J (1998). 'Exploring the Application and Acceptance of Group Support Systems in Africa'. Journal of Management Information Systems, 15, 3, 197-234. • Turner, Barry. (1983). 'The Use of Grounded Theory for the Qualitative Analysis of Organizational Behaviour'. Journal of Management Studies, 20, 3, 333-348.

  32. Phenomenology • Entry on Phenomenology in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy by David Woodruff Smithhttp://plato.stanford.edu/entries/phenomenology/#1 • Dicusses the philosophical foundation and includes an annotated bibliography. • First of two videos on the Phenomenological Perspective from the Open University on featuring Darren Langdridge and Linda Finlay (10 mins). Taken from the Open University course, "The body: A phenomenological psychological perspective" • Second of two videos on the Phenomenological Perspective from the Open University on featuring Darren Langdridge and Linda Finlay (5 mins). Taken from the Open University course, "The body: A phenomenological psychological perspective" • Center for Advanced Research in Phenomenology IncThe Website of the Center for Advanced Research in Phenomenology, an international organisation based in Florida, USA. The aim is "to foster, extend, and deepen phenomenology and kindred continental thought in philosophy, the social sciences, and the humanities wherever it can". The site is divided into a number of sections dealing with different aspects of phenomenology, including its history, major thinkers, societies and a regularly updated conference diary. http://www.phenomenologycenter.org/ • Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences Combines research papers and pre-prints with bibliographic resources that bear on the connections between phenomenology and the cognitive sciences. There are guides to the work of individual phenomenologists, links to related institutions and information on the members of the Research Group on Integrating Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences. http://www.philosophy.ucf.edu/pcs/ • The journal, Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences • Phenomenology Online The website is provided by Dr Max Van Manen of the University of Alberta in Canada. The site “provides public access to articles, monographs, and other materials discussing and exemplifying phenomenological research.” http://www.phenomenologyonline.com • Max van Manen's homepage containing information about his books, articles, teaching, projects and TEXTORIUM: 60+ phenomenological papers. • Husserl.netOpen content source of Husserl's writings and commentary. (Online)http://www.husserl.net/

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