520 likes | 642 Views
Lecture 8 – INTERTIDAL - ZONATION PHYSICAL FACTORS. 1. DESICCATION. Experiment (Frank, 1965. Ecol. 46: 831). Before artificial seep. Barnacle. Fucus. 1. DESICCATION. Experiment (Frank, 1965. Ecol. 46: 831). After artificial seep. Before artificial seep. Barnacle. Fucus.
E N D
Lecture 8 – INTERTIDAL - ZONATION PHYSICAL FACTORS
1. DESICCATION Experiment (Frank, 1965. Ecol. 46: 831) Before artificial seep Barnacle Fucus
1. DESICCATION Experiment (Frank, 1965. Ecol. 46: 831) After artificial seep Before artificial seep Barnacle Fucus
1. DESICCATION A second kind of experiment (Foster ‘71, J. Anim. Ecol. 40:33)
1. DESICCATION A second kind of experiment (Foster ‘71, J. Anim. Ecol. 40:33)
1. DESICCATION Avoiding drying -seeking refuge (Kensler, 1967, Carefoot, 1977) Outer Region Inner Region Middle Region Gravel, shells, coarse sand Clay, fine silt, sand Transient species Very few inhabitants Highest diversity
1. DESICCATION Avoiding drying 1. Barnacles - trap water CO2 O2 2. Mussels - Airgape - open valves repeatedly during low tide
1. DESICCATION Coping with oxygen depletion Fucus resubmerge 100 Percentage of initial water retained O2 consump-tion 50 100 Percentage of initial water lost
2. TEMPERATURE DEEPER WATER INVERTEBRATES METABOLIC RATE INTERTIDAL INVERTEBRATES ºC
2. TEMPERATURE Chthalamus 40 35 30 Upper Lethal Temperature S. balanoides Balanus crenatus 1 2 5 10 20 50 Median lethal time (hrs)
2. TEMPERATURE 45 40 35 30 Ilyanasa Upper Lethal Temperature Uca Arbacia Ophioderma Asterias 50 100 Median lethal time (mins)
2. TEMPERATURE -effects of substrate and crowding solitary cobble High intertidal crowded cobble TISSUE ºC solitary boulder crowded boulder solitary cobble Low intertidal crowded cobble solitary boulder crowded boulder EXPOSURE TIME
2. TEMPERATURE -effects of shading 40 Canopy removed Surface ºC Under canopy 10 TIME
2. TEMPERATURE Latitudinal effects Helmuth et al, Ecol. Monogr. 2006
2. TEMPERATURE -low temperature
2. TEMPERATURE -low temperature Dendronotus frondosus (Gionet & Aiken, 1992) 100 50 0 % Survivorship 0 -4 -8 -10 -12 Temperature (4 hr exposure)
3. WAVE STRESS a. Limitation of size Water flow 100% 90% Boundary layer
3. WAVE STRESS a. Limitation of size Water flow
3. WAVE STRESS b. Holding on Keyhole limpet
3. WAVE STRESS b. Holding on - body orientation Water flow
3. WAVE STRESS b. Holding on - body orientation <.5 m/s >.5 m/s Freq -90 0 90 -90 0 90 Orientation (º to flow)
3. WAVE STRESS b. Holding on - tenacity What is “tenacity”? 1. Suction? Atmospheric pressure ≈ 1 kg/cm2 Patella ≈ 5 - 7 kg/cm2
3. WAVE STRESS b. Holding on - tenacity What is “tenacity”? Patella
3. WAVE STRESS b. Holding on - tenacity What is “tenacity”? 2. Adhesion area 2 AS d surface tension F = thickness Theoretical adhesion = 600 kg/cm2
3. WAVE STRESS b. Holding on - tenacity What is “tenacity”? 2. Adhesion 1 d F Tenacity (kg/cm2 to detach) Weight of mucous
3. WAVE STRESS • Limitation of size - plants Laminaria
3. WAVE STRESS - How plants deal with it current Movement of plant – dissipates E Inertial force Reaction force
3. WAVE STRESS -can extend intertidal zones Exposed Sheltered EHWS Upper limit of barnacles Upper limit of mussels Upper limit of fucoids ELWS Upper limit of kelp
Effects on limpet distribution Todgham et al, 1997
Effects on limpet distribution Todgham et al, 1997 HYPOTHESES 1. Greater density of limpets the wave-exposed site. 2. Limpets will be found more frequently in habitats with refuges. 3. Limpets will be found less frequently in wave protected habitats with refuges.
Effects on limpet distribution Todgham et al, 1997 Habitats Exposed Protected
Effects on limpet distribution Todgham et al, 1997 Wave Velocity Recorder
Effects on limpet distribution Todgham et al, 1997 Lottia digitalis Lottia paradigitalis Lottia pelta Tectura personna Tectura scutum
Effects on limpet distribution Todgham et al, 1997 At each site recorded: Species 2. Size class - Small, Medium, Large • Microhabitat • Bare rock • Bare rock with barnacles (Balanus) • On/under algae • Crevices
Effects on limpet distribution Todgham et al, 1997
Effects on limpet distribution Todgham et al, 1997 L. digitalis L. paradigitalis L. pelta T. personna T. scutum High tide Low tide
Lottia digitalis Effects on limpet distribution Todgham et al, 1997 Wave protected Bare rock Habitat frequency Rock/Barnacle L. digitalis frequency Cover Crevice Wave exposed Bare rock Rock/Barnacle Cover Crevice
Effects on limpet distribution Todgham et al, 1997 Distribution of size classes in all species
Effects on limpet distribution Blanchette, 1997 Growth and survival of Fucus gardneri
Effects on Fucus Blanchette, 1997 Growth and survival of Fucus gardneri
Effects on Fucus Blanchette, 1997 Growth and survival of Fucus gardneri
Effects on Fucus Blanchette, 1997 Growth and survival of Fucus gardneri
Effects on Fucus Blanchette, 1997 Growth and survival of Fucus gardneri Exposed Planiform area m2 Protected March August February
Effects on Fucus Blanchette, 1997 Growth and survival of Fucus gardneri Exposed Mean Length Protected March August February
Effects on Fucus Blanchette, 1997 Growth and survival of Fucus gardneri Exposed Mean Mass Protected March August February
Effects on Fucus Blanchette, 1997 Transplants
Effects on Fucus Blanchette, 1997 P to E P to P Mean area Transplants E to P E to E Mean area P to E E to P P to P E to E Maximum area Sept Sept