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Lecture 8 – INTERTIDAL - ZONATION PHYSICAL FACTORS

Lecture 8 – INTERTIDAL - ZONATION PHYSICAL FACTORS. 1. DESICCATION. Experiment (Frank, 1965. Ecol. 46: 831). Before artificial seep. Barnacle. Fucus. 1. DESICCATION. Experiment (Frank, 1965. Ecol. 46: 831). After artificial seep. Before artificial seep. Barnacle. Fucus.

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Lecture 8 – INTERTIDAL - ZONATION PHYSICAL FACTORS

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  1. Lecture 8 – INTERTIDAL - ZONATION PHYSICAL FACTORS

  2. 1. DESICCATION Experiment (Frank, 1965. Ecol. 46: 831) Before artificial seep Barnacle Fucus

  3. 1. DESICCATION Experiment (Frank, 1965. Ecol. 46: 831) After artificial seep Before artificial seep Barnacle Fucus

  4. 1. DESICCATION A second kind of experiment (Foster ‘71, J. Anim. Ecol. 40:33)

  5. 1. DESICCATION A second kind of experiment (Foster ‘71, J. Anim. Ecol. 40:33)

  6. 1. DESICCATION Avoiding drying -seeking refuge (Kensler, 1967, Carefoot, 1977) Outer Region Inner Region Middle Region Gravel, shells, coarse sand Clay, fine silt, sand Transient species Very few inhabitants Highest diversity

  7. 1. DESICCATION Avoiding drying 1. Barnacles - trap water CO2 O2 2. Mussels - Airgape - open valves repeatedly during low tide

  8. 1. DESICCATION Coping with oxygen depletion Fucus resubmerge 100 Percentage of initial water retained O2 consump-tion 50 100 Percentage of initial water lost

  9. 2. TEMPERATURE

  10. 2. TEMPERATURE

  11. 2. TEMPERATURE DEEPER WATER INVERTEBRATES METABOLIC RATE INTERTIDAL INVERTEBRATES ºC

  12. 2. TEMPERATURE Chthalamus 40 35 30 Upper Lethal Temperature S. balanoides Balanus crenatus 1 2 5 10 20 50 Median lethal time (hrs)

  13. 2. TEMPERATURE 45 40 35 30 Ilyanasa Upper Lethal Temperature Uca Arbacia Ophioderma Asterias 50 100 Median lethal time (mins)

  14. 2. TEMPERATURE -effects of substrate and crowding solitary cobble High intertidal crowded cobble TISSUE ºC solitary boulder crowded boulder solitary cobble Low intertidal crowded cobble solitary boulder crowded boulder EXPOSURE TIME

  15. 2. TEMPERATURE -effects of shading 40 Canopy removed Surface ºC Under canopy 10 TIME

  16. 2. TEMPERATURE Latitudinal effects Helmuth et al, Ecol. Monogr. 2006

  17. 2. TEMPERATURE -low temperature

  18. 2. TEMPERATURE -low temperature Dendronotus frondosus (Gionet & Aiken, 1992) 100 50 0 % Survivorship 0 -4 -8 -10 -12 Temperature (4 hr exposure)

  19. 3. WAVE STRESS a. Limitation of size Water flow 100% 90% Boundary layer

  20. 3. WAVE STRESS a. Limitation of size Water flow

  21. 3. WAVE STRESS b. Holding on Keyhole limpet

  22. 3. WAVE STRESS b. Holding on - body orientation Water flow

  23. 3. WAVE STRESS b. Holding on - body orientation <.5 m/s >.5 m/s Freq -90 0 90 -90 0 90 Orientation (º to flow)

  24. 3. WAVE STRESS b. Holding on - tenacity What is “tenacity”? 1. Suction? Atmospheric pressure ≈ 1 kg/cm2 Patella ≈ 5 - 7 kg/cm2

  25. 3. WAVE STRESS b. Holding on - tenacity What is “tenacity”? Patella

  26. 3. WAVE STRESS b. Holding on - tenacity What is “tenacity”? 2. Adhesion area 2 AS d surface tension F = thickness Theoretical adhesion = 600 kg/cm2

  27. 3. WAVE STRESS b. Holding on - tenacity What is “tenacity”? 2. Adhesion 1 d F Tenacity (kg/cm2 to detach) Weight of mucous

  28. 3. WAVE STRESS • Limitation of size - plants Laminaria

  29. 3. WAVE STRESS - How plants deal with it current Movement of plant – dissipates E Inertial force Reaction force

  30. 3. WAVE STRESS -can extend intertidal zones Exposed Sheltered EHWS Upper limit of barnacles Upper limit of mussels Upper limit of fucoids ELWS Upper limit of kelp

  31. Effects on limpet distribution Todgham et al, 1997

  32. Effects on limpet distribution Todgham et al, 1997 HYPOTHESES 1. Greater density of limpets the wave-exposed site. 2. Limpets will be found more frequently in habitats with refuges. 3. Limpets will be found less frequently in wave protected habitats with refuges.

  33. Effects on limpet distribution Todgham et al, 1997 Habitats Exposed Protected

  34. Effects on limpet distribution Todgham et al, 1997 Wave Velocity Recorder

  35. Effects on limpet distribution Todgham et al, 1997 Lottia digitalis Lottia paradigitalis Lottia pelta Tectura personna Tectura scutum

  36. Effects on limpet distribution Todgham et al, 1997 At each site recorded: Species 2. Size class - Small, Medium, Large • Microhabitat • Bare rock • Bare rock with barnacles (Balanus) • On/under algae • Crevices

  37. Effects on limpet distribution Todgham et al, 1997

  38. Effects on limpet distribution Todgham et al, 1997 L. digitalis L. paradigitalis L. pelta T. personna T. scutum High tide Low tide

  39. Lottia digitalis Effects on limpet distribution Todgham et al, 1997 Wave protected Bare rock Habitat frequency Rock/Barnacle L. digitalis frequency Cover Crevice Wave exposed Bare rock Rock/Barnacle Cover Crevice

  40. Effects on limpet distribution Todgham et al, 1997 Distribution of size classes in all species

  41. Effects on limpet distribution Blanchette, 1997 Growth and survival of Fucus gardneri

  42. Effects on Fucus Blanchette, 1997 Growth and survival of Fucus gardneri

  43. Effects on Fucus Blanchette, 1997 Growth and survival of Fucus gardneri

  44. Effects on Fucus Blanchette, 1997 Growth and survival of Fucus gardneri

  45. Effects on Fucus Blanchette, 1997 Growth and survival of Fucus gardneri Exposed Planiform area m2 Protected March August February

  46. Effects on Fucus Blanchette, 1997 Growth and survival of Fucus gardneri Exposed Mean Length Protected March August February

  47. Effects on Fucus Blanchette, 1997 Growth and survival of Fucus gardneri Exposed Mean Mass Protected March August February

  48. Effects on Fucus Blanchette, 1997 Transplants

  49. Effects on Fucus Blanchette, 1997 P to E P to P Mean area Transplants E to P E to E Mean area P to E E to P P to P E to E Maximum area Sept Sept

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