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Warm-up

Warm-up. What law system did Sumerians use? How did Mesopotamians earn a living? Between what two rivers did the Fertile Crescent lie? What was their style of writing called?. Ancient Egypt. Impact of Geography. limestone and granite: long lasting buildings long lasting art Nile River:

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Warm-up

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  1. Warm-up • What law system did Sumerians use? • How did Mesopotamians earn a living? • Between what two rivers did the Fertile Crescent lie? • What was their style of writing called?

  2. Ancient Egypt

  3. Impact of Geography • limestone and granite: • long lasting buildings • long lasting art • Nile River: • regular flooding = positive view of life and afterlife • floods = great soil • year round water for irrigation

  4. Fertile Nile River

  5. Annual Flooding of Nile River • Advantages • Water for drinking & irrigation • Travel • Annual floods brought nutrients up onto surrounding land for farming • Disadvantages • When flood waters were low, the amount of water was greatly reduced. Thousands of ppl would starve. • When flood waters were higher, the unwanted water destroyed houses, and farms • The vast deserts on either side of the Nile acted as natural barriers between Egypt and other lands causing limited interaction with other peoples.

  6. Impact of Climate • arid climate = • hot sun = • large deserts = • dry climate = oil skin Make-up for sun protection and black paint to cut glare obstacles to invaders must irrigate crops

  7. Political Organization • 3000 BC unification under King Narmer, first Egyptian dynasty centered at Memphis where Upper and lower Egypt meet. • pharaoh = • pharaohs had absolute power and owned all land; however, they were expected to behave morally and were judged on good deeds. • theocracy = • pharaoh stood at center of religion, government, and army god-king (son of Horus) government run by religious leaders

  8. Unification of Upper and Lower Egypt Scorpion King or Narmer

  9. Economic System • traded agricultural surplus: wheat barley (from Nile which provided silt) • mining of large mineral deposits of copper which used for bronze tools. Gold and copper were mined by slaves which greatly enriched the royal treasury. • had enough economic strength to support massive public works = Construction projects financed by the government for the benefit and use of its citizens

  10. Religion • polytheistic • Akhenaton forces Egyptians to worship one god (monotheism) temporarily • king believed to rule even after death through his/her ka; therefore, tomb more important than earthly palace

  11. The Sacred Trinity Osiris Isis Horus God of the Dead [reincarnation of dead] Goddess of Marriage God of the Dead [transports the dead]

  12. Preparations for the Underworld ANUBIS weighs the dead person’s heart against a feather. Priests protected your KA, or soul-spirit

  13. Materials used in Mummification**all classes planned for their burials** 1. Linen 6. Natron2. Sawdust 7. Onion3. Lichen 8. Nile Mud4. Beeswax 9. Linen Pads5. Resin 10. Frankinsense

  14. Preparation for Afterlife

  15. Egyptian Mummies Ramses II1279-1212 B. C. E. Seti I1291-1278 B. C. E. Queen Tiye, wife of Amenhotep II1210-1200 B. C. E.

  16. Journey to the Underworld The dead travel on the “Solar Bark.” A boat for the journey is provided for a dead pharaoh in his tomb.

  17. Egyptian Book of the Dead

  18. The Final Judgement Anubis Horus Osiris

  19. Egyptian Social Hierarchy slaves

  20. Some Famous Egyptian Pharaohs Tutankhamon1336-1327 B. C. E. Thutmose III1504-1450 B. C. E. Ramses II1279-1212 B. C. E.

  21. Egyptian Nobility

  22. Egyptian Priestly Class

  23. Egyptian Scribe

  24. Shabtis: The Pharaoh’sServants in the Afterlife

  25. Inventions / Innovations one of 3 writing systems developed for economic, royal, and administrative info. • hieroglyphics • originally pictographs, but eventually pictures represented words as well as sounds • calendar developed (365 days and 12 months) • hieroglyphics written on papyrus – • Math: • system of written numbers • basic geometry (to measure floods) • Science: • Set broken bones • Surgery • checked pulse a paper-like writing material created from the papyrus plant that grows on the banks of the Nile.

  26. Hieroglyphics “Alphabet” 24 “letters” + 700 phonetic symbols

  27. Papyrus --> paper Hieratic Scroll Piece Papyrus Plant

  28. Egyptian Math & Draftsmenship What number is this?

  29. Architecture • Pyramids – tombs for pharaoh's afterlife • built by peasants when Nile was flooded (not slaves)

  30. Stepped Pyramid at Saqqara

  31. “Bent” Pyramid of King Sneferu

  32. Giza Pyramid Complex

  33. Plan of the Great Pyramid of Khufu

  34. Ancient Egyptian Housing Middle Class Homes Peasant Homes

  35. Scenes of Ancient EgyptianDaily Life

  36. Making Ancient Egyptian Beer

  37. Making Ancient Egyptian Wine

  38. An Egyptian Woman’s “Must-Haves” Mirror Perfume Whigs

  39. Champollion & the Rosetta Stone

  40. Archaeologist, Howard Carter (1922)

  41. Entrance to King “Tut’s” Tomb

  42. King Tutankhamon’s Death Mask 1336-1327 B. C. E.

  43. King Tutankhamon

  44. King Tutankhamun’s Tomb

  45. Treasures From Tut’s Tomb

  46. The Ankh – The “Cross” of Life

  47. Routes of the “Sea Peoples” The end of the Bronze Age!

  48. The Three Kingdoms of Egypt

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