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CELLULAR STRUCTURE

The Composition of Cells. CELLULAR STRUCTURE. Introduction. Cells can be complicated with many parts that work together like a factory producing a commodity like a scarf. Two types of cells based on their internal structure: Eukaryotes : large & complicated (single or multiple cells)

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CELLULAR STRUCTURE

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  1. The Composition of Cells CELLULAR STRUCTURE

  2. Introduction • Cells can be complicated with many parts that work together like a factory producing a commodity like a scarf

  3. Two types of cells based on their internal structure: • Eukaryotes: large & complicated (single or multiple cells) • Plants & animals (and archaea) • Prokaryotes: small & single cells • Bacteria

  4. Eukaryotes • Have internal membrane-bound structures called organelles & cytoskeleton (shape & organization) • Allow thousands of chemical reactions to occur simultaneously

  5. Contains nucleus (manages cellular function) • DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) stored here • Blueprints = HOW TO for EVERYTHING!

  6. Contains endoplasmic reticulum (ER) - system of folded sacs & interconnected channels in which chemical reactions occur • rough ER – synthesizes new proteins due to ribosomes studded on membranes • smooth ER – modifies lipids or fats, and detoxifies drugs/pollutants such as alcohols, barbiturates, and other drugs

  7. Rough ER vs. Smooth ER

  8. Contains Golgi apparatus - modifies or packages newly made proteins into vesicles which then move to plasma membrane for secretion • Sometimes vesicles with packaged proteins become digestive enzymes – entire package called lysosome - breaks down broken cell parts and recycles them

  9. Contains mitochondria - produces energy needed for all cellular functions • Fats, proteins, carbohydrates (mostly glucose) are broken down to form CO2, H2O, and ENERGY! Energy unusable until converted to ATP (adenosine triphosphate) (way more detail later)

  10. May contain cilia, short hair-like structures protruding from surface to allow movement • May contain flagella SEM micrograph of the cilia projecting from respiratory epithelium in the lungs

  11. Contain vacuoles which store water, nutrients, waste, ions • Animal cells have many small vacuoles • Plant cells have one large vacuole – stores “juice” in fruit, vegetables which make it crispy or rigid Plant Cell Animal Cell

  12. Plant cells only contain chloroplasts which use light energy to convert CO2 + H2O into carbohydrates during photosynthesis (way more later)

  13. Prokaryotes: • NO internal membrane-bound structures or compartments like a nucleus • Can’t carry out specialized functions • Represented by Kingdom Monera

  14. Divided into Eubacteria & Archaea • Eubacteria – almost all bacteria, amoeba, paramecium • Archaea – few bacteria strains that live in extreme environments (ice, boiling water, salt)

  15. Contain: • Enzymes, ribosomes, circular DNA free-floating in cytoplasm • Contain cell walls surrounding plasmamembrane which give support & regulation • Contain flagella, long thread-like structures protruding from surface to allow movement

  16. Typical Prokaryotic Structure

  17. Comparing Prokaryotes to Eukaryotes • Both have common structural features • Cell (plasma) membrane: outer boundary through which all items (gases, nutrients, wastes) enter or leave cell (like door) outside inside membrane

  18. Cytoplasm: cell interior that holds organelles in place (like air)

  19. Ribosomes: structure on which protein is made (like a machine)

  20. DNA: instructions or code for making proteins, regulates cellular activities, enables reproduction (like CEO); genetic material =

  21. Cell wall: outside plasma membrane; made of cellulose to give cell rigid support • Only found in plants (eukaryotes)

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