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Cellular Structure

Cell Biology / Genetics Mr. Foster. Cellular Structure. Components of Cells. Nucleus - 2. Outer Boundary- 3. Cytoplasm / Organelles - cellular contents and specialized structures that carry out functions of the cell. Nucleus. Prokaryote - cell w/o nucleus (DNA in neucleoid)

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Cellular Structure

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  1. Cell Biology / Genetics Mr. Foster Cellular Structure

  2. Components of Cells • Nucleus- 2. Outer Boundary- 3. Cytoplasm/Organelles- cellular contents and specialized structures that carry out functions of the cell

  3. Nucleus • Prokaryote- cell w/o nucleus • (DNA in neucleoid) • Eukaryote- cell with nucleus • Functions • Contains genetic inform. • Control Center- directs all cellular activity

  4. Nucleus (cont.) • Structure / Components- • Nuclear envelope- regulate what enters and leaves nucleus (Nuclear pores) • Nucleolus-makes ribosomes • Genetic Material- DNA • Chromatin – DNA uncoiled, threadlike, Not Divisional • Chromosomes –DNA is condensed, Divisional • Nucleoplasm -fluid inside nucleus Clicker ?’s 1-5

  5. Outer Boundary • Cell membrane-lipid bilayer with embedded proteins forming a selective boundary • All cells have a cell membrane • Cell wall – Plants and bacteria

  6. Cell Membrane (cont.) • Structure- Fluid Mosaic Model • Phospholipids • Phospholipid bilayer forms membrane Phosphate- likes H2O (hydrophilic) Lipid- does not like H2O (hydrophobic)

  7. Cell Membrane (cont.) • Structure (cont.) 2. Proteins Integral Proteins - embedded in phospholipid bilayer Peripheral protein – not embedded in bilayer Clicker ?’s 6-9

  8. Cell Membrane (cont.) • Structure (cont.) 3. Carbohydrates - attach to proteins (glycoprotein) or lipids (glycolipid) Cell surface carbs communication – recognize cell type

  9. Cell Membrane (cont.) • Structure (cont.) 4. Cytoskeleton –supports the membrane a. microfilaments -strength, anchor cells b. microtubules – mvmt. c. intermediate filaments –not always present, a lot in skin, strong framework (Disease where cells collapse: pg 31)

  10. Cytoskeleton Clicker ?’s 10-13 • Functions • Support and protect cell • Communicate with other cells • Controls mvmt. of materials in and out of cell. • Selectively Permeable

  11. Cell Transport • Passive – energy not required to move material across membrane • Diffusion – molecules move from high to low concentration to reach equilibrium • Osmosis – type of diffusion involving H2O molecules only

  12. Cell Transport (cont.) • Active – Energy required to move materials across membrane Low to High concentration • Ion pumps/Channels- Cl-, Na+, K+, Ca+ • Endocytosis / Exocytosis – membrane forms pockets to move material

  13. Ion pumps

  14. Endocytosis / Exocytosis Clicker ?’s 14-17

  15. Cytoplasm / Organelles • Cytoplasm – space between nucleus and cell membrane • Cytosol – semitransparent; jellylike substance that surrounds organelles • Organelles – “little organ”

  16. Endoplasmic Reticulum- Transports materials through inside of cell Modifies proteins and quality control center Types of ER Rough ER Has ribosome attached Proteins to be sent outside cell Smooth ER No ribosomes Make lipids, detox cell Smooth or Rough? Organelles

  17. Ribosome- Synthesize proteins Free vs. attached Organelles (cont.)

  18. Organelles (cont.) • Mitochondria • Provides energy for the cell ATP • Cellular respiration • Own DNA • Endosymbiont Theory • Free living organism that entered a relationship w/ Nucleated cells • Inherited from mother only • Folds increase surface area

  19. Golgi Apparatus - (Golgi bodies) modifies, sorts, and ships proteins in packages called vesicles. Clicker ? 18-22 What is this? Organelles (cont.)

  20. Lysosomes Membrane bounded sacs that contain enzymes Clean up cell Lysosomal Storage disease (Tay Sachs)- missing the enzyme that breaks down the lipid that surrounds the nerve cell Buries the nervous system Organelles (cont.)

  21. Organelles (cont.) • Peroxisomes • Sac that contain enzymes that detoxifies harmful products • H2O2 H2O • Alcohol • Abundant in liver cells

  22. Clicker ? 23-26 Organelles (cont.) • Centrioles • Composed of microtubules • Contained in specialized region = centrosome • Function in cell division • Organize spindle fibers

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