Religion

1. Religion The International Geography of Religion

2. Major Foci To describe the distribution of major religions To explain variations in diffusion of religions To discuss religious imprints on the physical environment To identify conflicts between followers of different religions

3. Distribution of Religions Universalizing religions Christianity Islam Buddhism Ethnic religions Hinduism Other ethnic religions

4. Variations in Distribution of Religions (1) Origin of religions Origin of universalizing religions Origin of Hinduism Diffusion of religions Diffusion of universalizing religions Lack of diffusion of ethnic religions

5. World Distribution of Religions

6. Geographical Distribution Of Major World Religions

7. World Population by Religion

8. Major Religious Hearths

9. Diffusion of Universalizing Religions

10. Diffusion of Christianity

11. More Detail on the Diffusion of Christianity

12. Christian Branches in Europe

14. The Religious Situation in Europe, 1560

15. Population Loss in Germany During the Thirty Years War

16. Religious Wars Exhaust and Reshape the Geography of Europe � Treaty of Westphalia Resulted from exhaustion after the Thirty Years War (1618-1648) Attempted to assert the imperial authority of the Pope and the Church of Rome. Central Principle - He who rules a region determines its religion.

17. Diffusion of Islam Origin � Mecca 613 a.d. Prophet�s death in 1632 Military expansion Combined with hierarchical diffusion (social) Created an Arab empire Trade as important as religion Culture, not just religion

18. Diffusion of Islam

19. Distribution of Shia and Sunni Muslims

21. Major Religions of Asia

22. Diffusion of Buddhism

23. Spread of Buddhism

24. Buddhism Third major proselytizing religion No longer a major presence in the country of its origin Dissident offshoot of Hinduism Founded 6th century BC in northern India by Siddhartha Gautama, known as the Buddha, or Enlightened One Born in southern Nepal

25. Buddhism Beliefs originally spread through India Made state religion of India in 3rd century BC Carried elsewhere by missionaries, monks & merchants While expanding elsewhere it declined at home 4th century AD Hinduism revived By 15th century had all but disappeared from India Spread throughout Asia outside India About 350 million adherents today worldwide

26. Spread of Hinduism

27. Oriental Folk Religions Confucianism, Taoism, Buddhism in China Shintoism in Japan Confucianism Not a true religion (no worship of deity) Moral system, way of life Origins with Confucius (551-479? BC) Later challenged by Taoism and Buddhism

28. Shinto Ancient native religion of Japan Practiced today as a set of rules and customs involving reverence of ancestors, celebration of popular festivals, and pilgrimages to shrines Developed from other early Japanese religions

29. Shintoism & Buddhism in Japan

30. Traditional Religions - Animism Belief that a spirit or force resides in every animate and inanimate object Worship of nature Practiced in sub-Saharan Africa, among natives of North and South America, Polynesia, native peoples of Siberia, natives of Asia, Australian Aborigines As many different forms as there are people practicing it

31. Taoism Pronounced �Dow� Roughly translated into English as �The Path� or �The Way� Refers to a power which envelops, surrounds and flows through all living and non-living things Founder Lao-Tse (604-531 BC) Contemporary of Confucius, but historical authenticity cannot be proven Seeking a way to avoid constant warfare and other conflicts that disrupted life

32. Variations in Distribution of Religions (2) Holy places Holy places in universalizing religions Holy places in ethnic religions The calendar The calendar in ethnic religions The calendar in universalizing religions

33. Holy Sites in Buddhism

34. Mecca, Islam�s Holiest City

35. Hindu Holy Places

36. Organization of Space Places of worship Christian worship Places of worship in other religions Sacred space Disposing of the dead Religious settlements Religious place names Administration of space Hierarchical religions Locally autonomous religions

37. Place Names in Qu�bec

38. Roman Catholic Hierarchy in U.S.

39. Hierarchical Religions A hierarchical religion has a well-defined geographic structure and organizes territory into local administrative units, i.e. Roman Catholicism and Latter-Day Saints (Mormons) Pope? Cardinal? Archbishop? Bishop? Priest

40. Hierarchy of the Catholic Church

41. Roman Provinces

42. Roman Catholic Church Membership as a Percentage of Each Country's Population

44. Religious Conflicts Religion vs. government policies Religion vs. social change Religion vs. Communism Religion vs. religion Religious wars in the Middle East Religious wars in Ireland

45. Distribution of Protestants in Ireland, 1991

46. Distribution of Catholics in Belfast

48. Boundary Changes in Palestine/Israel

49. Religious Organization Ecclesiae Religious organization claiming to include most or all of the members of a society

50. Religious Organization Sects

51. Religious Organization New Religious Movements or Cults

52. Religious Organization Comparing Forms of Religious Organization

53. Topics of Discussion Religious culture regions, diffusion & distribution Religious ecology, or the relationship between religion and the physical environment How do different people view and use their environment? What imprint do different religions leave on their environment? Relationship between religion and culture, economic and political systems Religious conflicts

54. Key Concepts Methods of religious diffusion Cultural hearth of a religion Animistic religion Ethnic religion Universal or universalizing religion Sacred space Pilgrimages Religious toponyms Religious branch Religious denomination Religious sect Menifacts Sociofacts Artifacts Shia & Sunni Muslims Shintoism Hierarchical religions Ecclesiae Religious cults