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Crisis of the Later Middle Ages:

Population growth strained agriculture, leading to famines and malnutrition, culminating in the devastating Black Death plague of 1347. Remedies like masks and charms were futile, affecting population, labor, economy, and politics. The aftermath saw peasant revolts and changes in society, while literature depicted a culture haunted by death.

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Crisis of the Later Middle Ages:

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  1. Crisis of the Later Middle Ages: The 14th Century

  2. Pre- Plague Conditions • Population had grown to the point where the agricultural base could not sustain it • Period of on again off again famines • Poor Harvests = Malnutrition = Weak Immune system • The large urban centers suffered the most

  3. I. The Plague

  4. 1. Black Death (1347) • Causes • Bubonic plague carried by fleas on Asian black rats- from ships returning to Europe. • Urban Areas concentrated the problem • Poor sanitation- No sewage systems, garbage on the streets • Overcrowded homes- Families would sleep in the same common room • Poor health and hygiene • Water supply contaminated= lack of bathing

  5. 2. Remedies and Results  • Belief that the plague was caused by fumes released by earthquakes = Masks and Aromatic charms • Jews blamed = Reinforced anti-Semitism in Europe • Belief that the plague was caused by moral corruptness • Range of lifestyles from Moderation to Excess • Processions of flagellants

  6. Flagellants

  7. Plague Aftermath • 30% of the Population died • Severe impact on European economy- Lack of labor = higher wages • Serfdom ended in many areas; first enclosure of fields in Britain- (less labor, sheep herding) • the English Parliament passed the Statute of Laborers in 1381- froze wages at pre-plague levels • Led to the English Peasants Revolt of 1381 • The French government raised taille taxes on peasants • Led to the Jaquerie • Clergymen died helping the sick • Population didn’t recover until the mid-1500’s

  8. Literature and art reflected a culture of Death Dance of Death (Danse Macabre) • The authority • Oh rational creature,who desires eternal life.Here you have wisdom, worth noting:to properly end your mortal life.It's called the dance of death,which everyone will learn to dance.For man and woman it's natural,Death spares neither small nor great.In this mirror everyone can readthat he will dance likewise.Sage is he who mirrors himself well.Death makes the living advance,You will see the greatest lead the dancefor there is nobody whom Death does not vanquish.It's a pitiable thing to consider.All are forged out of the same material. • (Just for reference- not needed in notes)

  9. Related, Wrong, but interesting • There is a small debate about “Ring around the Rosie” • Many believe it’s about the plague • Others believe that it is more recent • There is a lack of written evidence from the 14th century to prove its plague origins

  10. II. The Hundred Years’ War(1337-1453) • Major Cause—English crown lays claim to the duchy of Aquitaine in France (Through the lineage of William the Conqueror and other intermarriages) • English King Edward III was a vassal of the French King Philip VI due to his French land holdings. • The French Crown confiscated the English controlled areas.  

  11. “It’s All Relative”French and English Royal Tree

  12. Advantage Army more disciplined Archers armed with Longbows Smarter Kings Advantage 3 times the population Wealthier Weakness Internal disunity Borrowed money from foreign bankers English vs. French

  13. The War • Fought in France and the Low Countries (The Netherlands) • In 1346 -French invasion of Gascony and the shattering French defeat at Crecy. • The English rampaged through western France, • A truce was signed in 1354 • In 1355- the war began again. • In 1356 –Battle of Poitiers- French king was captured. • English raids continued until 1360, when another truce was signed.

  14. By 1415 (Battle of Agincourt)- England was winning • The State of Burgundy threatened France’s eastern border

  15. The War Turns Joan of Arc • Claimed she heard “voices” of the Saints • Convinced Charles VII to lead his armies • Led French army to victory at Orleans in 1429 • Charles VII crowned king, • Captured by English in 1431, burned as a witch • Remained a symbol of the French, and used as a rallying point.

  16. France in 1430

  17. 100 Year War Results: • France kicks England out; • Creation of modern nation states begin • Peasant Revolts • Causes: • High Taxes during Hundred Years’ War, • Desire for higher wages, • Hostility toward aristocracy, • Higher expectations among peasantry.

  18. English Peasant Revolt (1381): - Largest of the Revolts, 100,000 people involved • The Jacquerie in France (late 14th-early 15th) • Results: • Revolts crushed; • Ends serfdom in England in 1550

  19. III. Crises in the Church • Western Society controlled by the Catholic church since the fall of the Roman Empire • Religious leaders were frequently more powerful than governmental or political leaders • Many Popes were the most influential people in Europe

  20. The Two Churches • Western Europe in the Middle ages was unified through the Roman Catholic Church. • The Byzantine Empire, parts of Eastern Europe and Russia were unified through the Greek Orthodox Church • The two churches did not cooperate with each other.

  21. Church Critics • Marsiglio de Padua • Claimed the State should control the church • The church should be run by a council of lay people (non-clergy) and priests above the Pope.

  22. John Wyclif (1320-1384) • Believed the Church should only follow Scripture (foreshadowed M. Luther) • Translated the Bible into English • His followers became known as the Lollards

  23. John Hus (1369-1415) • Ideas similar to Wyclif • Led nationalistic revolt in Bohemia (Czech republic) • Captured, tried, and burned at the stake for heresy • His followers, the Hussites- started large revolts in the 14th century.

  24. The Babylonian Captivity (1309-1377) • To escape from the infighting between the powerful families that produced former Popes, the Church looked for a safer place and found it in Avignon • Beginning with Clement V, elected 1305, the next 7 popes in Avignon were French. • Damaged the prestige of the Papacy, believed to be under French Royal control. • The economy of Rome suffered without the patronage of the Papacy.

  25. 4. The Great Schism 1377-1417 • The election of two Popes- one in Rome, one in Avignon • Further weakened the Papacy

  26. Red= Avignon • Blue= Rome

  27. Conciliar Movement (1409-1418) • Ended the Great Schism • Created the Council of Cardinals, in an attempt to reform the church • Idea failed, Pope remained supreme authority in the church.

  28. IV. Life in the Later Middle Ages

  29. Men- mid 20’s Women-16-18 Married women lived in a constant state of pregnancy (family interests) - Wealthy hired help, poor experienced high mortality rates Divorce not allowed in Catholic countries Arranged Marriages for economic reasons common Prostitution existed Marriage

  30. Work Church calendar and growing seasons closely connected Small percentage of freemen (artisans) protected by guilds Serfdom reduced- (due to Plague)

  31. Recreation • Aristocracy- Jousting tournaments • Common people- Wrestling, archery, horse racing, bear-baiting, dog fights

  32. V. Learning Universities had started to open in the 13th century. (Paris and Oxford) As modern States developed, so did modern languages

  33. Nationalistic Literature(Vernacular language) • Dante Alighieri – Divine Comedy • Geoffrey Chaucer- The Canterbury Tales- explored the various roles in English life • Francois Villon – Grand Testament, French poet, explored French life

  34. Medieval Russia • Culturally isolated from the rest of Europe • Prince Vladimir of Kiev (972-1015 made Russia Greek Orthodox • Connected more with the Byzantine Empire • Kiev became the cultural center of Russia

  35. Rivalry between various princes broke Russia into three distinct groups • The Great Russians • The White Russians • The Little Russians (Ukrainians) • Continued rivalry broke Russia into more distinctive groups • Monarchy, Aristocracy and Democracy (free adult males) • Freemen- clergy, army officers, boyars, townspeople and peasants • Debtors • Slaves- prisoners of war

  36. Mongol Rule • Ghengis Khan invaded in 1223 • Kiev fell to Batu Khan in 1240 • Russia became part of the “Golden Horde” • Mongol and Russian culture mixed- further isolating it from Europe • Prince of Moscow collected tribute for Mongols and became rich and powerful. • In 1380, Grand Duke Dimitri defeated Tatar forces • By 1480, Ivan III (the Great) defeated the remaining Mongol forces • Moscow became the new political center of Russia

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