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legs present

legs present. 4 or more pairs of legs. 3 pairs of legs. wings absent. only 4 pairs of legs. Antennae absent. more than 4 pairs of legs. Antennae present. wings present. Go to Page 2. Go to Page 13. 1. Go to Page 20. Go to Page 23. wings present. 2 pairs of membranous wings.

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legs present

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  1. legs present 4 or more pairs of legs 3 pairs of legs wings absent only 4 pairs of legs. Antennae absent more than 4 pairs of legs. Antennae present wings present Go to Page 2 Go to Page 13 1 Go to Page 20 Go to Page 23

  2. wings present 2 pairs of membranous wings 1 pair of membranous wings hind wings membranous, forewings hard and leathery all wings membranous, soft and flexible forewings reduced to knobs hindwings reduced to knobs Go to Page 3 Go to Page 9 2

  3. all wings membranous, soft and flexible wings membranous and transparent wings covered in scales or hairs wings covered in scales, often brightly coloured wings covered in hairs abdomen with no tail-like appendages (cerci) abdomen with 2–3 tail-like appendages equal or unequal in length (cerci) Go to Page 5 Go to Page 4 3

  4. Abdomen with 2 – 3 tail-like appendages equal or unequal in length forewings and hindwings of similar size forewings much larger than hindwings abdomen with 2 thin cerci of equal length abdomen with 2 short cerci of unequal length and size 4

  5. Abdomen with no tail-like appendages (cerci) reduced wing venation extensive wing venation wings against body at rest. Eyes small to medium, often brightly coloured. Antennae usually long and thin narrow wasp waist. Many species with ovipositor modified to form a sting wings held away at rest. Eyes large and antennae small no narrow wasp waist Go to Page 7 5 Go to Page 6

  6. wings against body at rest. Eyes small to medium, often brightly coloured. Antennae usually long and thin head elongated (beak-like) in front of eyes head rounded and not elongated main wing forked near tip main wing not forked near tip. Often dark markings on wing 6

  7. no narrow wasp waist wings narrow and fringed with hairs wings not fringed with hairs chewing mouth parts sucking mouth parts Go to Page 8 7

  8. chewing mouth parts soft, stout body. Wings held tent-like over body. Large head with protruding eyes soft, elongate body with wings held flat over body. Only reproductive caste has wings, workers are wingless 8

  9. hind wings membranous, forewings hard and leathery sucking mouthparts. True bugs have forewings hardened at the base and membranous at the tip chewing mouthparts forewings completely hardened and forming protective covering over membranous hind wings forewings leathery and forming protective covering over membranous hind wings 9 Go to Page 10 Go to Page 11

  10. forewings completely hardened and forming protective covering over membranous hind wings abdomen with pinchers. Forewings short and form protective covers for membranous hind wings that are folded fan-like underneath abdomen have no pinchers. Forewings are hardened into protective covers which meet in a straight line along the back 10

  11. forewings leathery and forming protective covering over membranous hind wings hind legs usually enlarged for jumping. Forewings usually protectively toughened Hind legs mostly thin and not enlarged for jumping raptorial legs with rows of spines. Head very movable with large eyes legs not raptorial 11 Go to Page 12

  12. legs not raptorial body usually stick or leaf shaped. Resembles leaves and sticks for camouflage body mostly broadly flattened 12

  13. wings absent Not parasitic on other animals and birds Usually found on animals and birds as parasites abdomen without 2–3 distinct tail-like appendages (cerci) abdomen with 2–3 distinct tail-like appendages (cerci) hind legs adapted for jumping. Body laterally compressed Legs adapted for gripping. Body flattened in appearance Go to Page 14 Go to Page 15 13

  14. abdomen with 2–3 distinct tail-like appendages (cerci) all cerci pointing backwards with the middle cerci longer than the outer cerci all cerci of similar length with the outer two pointing away from the body. Body covered in tiny scales 14

  15. abdomen without 2–3 distinct tail-like appendages (cerci) mouthparts inconspicuous, internal or partly hidden by oral folds or cheeks mouthparts external and visible, adapted for chewing or sucking forked jumping organ on underside of abdomen. Eyes simple abdomen with no jumping organ. Eyes absent sucking mouthparts chewing mouthparts Go to Page 17 15 Go to Page 16

  16. abdomen with no jumping organ. Eyes absent 2 stout cerci on the end of the abdomen, sometimes like pincers. Antennae multisegmented and bead-like. Eyes absent No cerci, no antennae, no eyes. Minute soil dwelling organism 16

  17. chewing mouthparts pincer like cerci on end of abdomen. Elongate body shape mostly brown or black in colour no pincer like cerci on end of abdomen wingless praying mantis forelegs not raptorial 17 Go to Page 18

  18. forelegs not raptorial narrow wasp waist. Includes ants and wingless wasps no narrow wasp waist body usually long and thin, stick-like, wingless or with reduced wings body more stout and rounded 18 Go to Page 19

  19. body more stout and rounded body broadly flattened in appearance. Includes wingless cockroaches body not broadly flattened body elongate and pale in appearance. Chewing mouthparts, enlarged in soldier caste body stout. Head large with protubing eyes and long, thin antennae 19

  20. 4 pairs of legs and antennae absent two distinct body segments with a narrow constriction between them. Fangs present body not divided into two distinct segments pedipalps large and modified to form pincers pedipalps mostly small and not modified to form pincers Go to Page 21 Go to Page 22 20

  21. pedipalps large and modified to form pincers end of abdomen with sting-like tail end of abdomen without sting-like tail 21

  22. pedipalps mostly small and not modified to form pincers body with some evidence of segmentation. Pedipalps often large compared with body size. Legs usually very long and thin, spider-like one distinct segment, legs small. Generally small to microscopic. Juveniles may have 3 legs 22

  23. more than 4 pairs of legs. Antennae present one pair of legs per body segment 2 pairs of legs per body segment. Often curls into a tight spiral when disturbed flattened appearance. 8 body segments. May curl into a spiral when disturbed long body with more than 8 segments. May have a pair of brightly coloured pincer-like appendages on the end of the abdomen 23

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