9/4/2013 Board Work:

1. 9/4/2013 Board Work: • Individuals will be more likely to buy eco-friendly products when shopping in public compared to shopping online at home • True or False??

2. Warm up-Find your 8 o’clock buddy • Brainstorm a list of research methods. Come up with as many as you can. • What does it mean to be ethical?

3. Psychological Research Methods and Statistics

4. Methodology • What is Methodology? - According to the text, methodologysimply refers to the methods that we use to conduct an investigation. • The goals of research are to describebehavior, to explain its causes, to predict the circumstances under which certain behaviors may occur again, and to control certain behaviors. Psychologists use various methods of research to accomplish each of these goals.

5. Naturalistic Observation: A research method in which the psychologist observes the subject in a natural setting without interfering. (In other words…Watch, but do not touch!) - Note: This is frequently informal and is usually the first step to allow you to get a better understanding of the behavior which allows further, more in depth investigation. Case Studies: A research method that involves an intensive investigation of one or more participants. (long term, very involved.) - Note: By itself, a case study does not prove or disprove anything. The researchers conclusions may not be correct. This was the technique used by Freud. Surveys: A research method in which information is obtained by asking many individuals a fixed set of questions. This is usually used to get an idea of the population’s attitudes toward something. -Note:These are only accurate if they are representative of the population as a whole. The different types of research

6. A few more types of research • Longitudinal Study:A research method in which data is collected about a group of participants over a number of years to assess how certain change or remain the same during development. - Note: These studies are very time consuming, but are the best way to study changes over time. • Cross Sectional Studies:A research method in which data is collected from groups of participants of different ages and compared so that conclusions can be drawn about differences due to age. - Note: Less expensive that Longitudinal studies and take less time, yet yield similar results.

7. Correlation: The measure of a relationship between two variables or sets of data. Whaaaaaaaaaaaaaa? There are 2 types of Correlation. Positive and Negative. For example, there is a positive correlation between IQ scores and academic success. Low IQ scores tend to go with low grades. Still confused…No problem! (High score = High score, Low score = Low score) Another example, there is a negative correlationbetween the number of hours you practice catching a football and the number of times you get hit in the face with it. In other words, the more you practice, the less you will get hit in the face! (High score = Low score, Low score = High score) It is important to remember that while the word correlation describes the relationship between 2 things, it does not always mean that one thing causes the other. What is Correlation?

8. Hypothesis:An educated guess about the relationship between 2 variables. Variable:Any factor that is capable of change. Note: There are 2 types of variables; the independent variable (the one experimenters change or alter so that they can observe its effects.), and the dependent variable (the one that can only be directly effected by the dependent variable.) In other words, The number of hours you study effects your academic performance. Experimental Group:The group to which an independent variable is applied. Control Group:The group that is treated in the same way as the experimental group except that the experimental treatment (the independent variable) is not applied. Experimental Terms

9. Experimental Research • Step 1: Ask Research Question: Does watching violence on TV lead to aggressive behavior? • Step 2: Form a Hypothesis: People who watch violent TV programs will engage in more acts of violence than people who don’t. • Step 3: Determine Variables: • People watch violent TV programs (independent variable) • People engage in aggressive acts (dependent variable) • Step 4: Experiment (Testing) • Participants (randomly assigned to groups) • Experimental group: spends four hours a day watching violent programs • Control group: spends four hours a day watching nonviolent programs • Measure aggressive behavior (dependent variable) of experimental and control groups • Step 5: Compare Measurements • Step 6: Interpret Results and Draw Conclusions

10. Ethics: The methods of conduct, or standards, for proper and responsible behavior. In 1992 the American Psychological Association published a set of ethical principles regarding the collection, storage, and use of psychological data. Revised in 2002. Ethical Issues The Principles Published by the American Psychological Association: Using recognized standards of competence and ethics, psychologists plan research so as to minimize the possibility of misleading results. Any ethical problems are resolved before research is started. The welfare and confidentiality of all participants are to be protected. Psychologists are responsible for the dignity and welfare of participants. Psychologists are also responsible for all research they perform or is performed by others under their supervision.

11. Psychologists obey all state and federal laws and regulations as well as professional standards governing research. Except for anonymous surveys, naturalistic observations, and similar research, psychologists reach an agreement regarding the rights and responsibilities of both participants and researcher(s) before research is started. When consent is required, psychologists obtain a signed, informed consent before starting any research with a participant. Deception is used only if no better alternative is available. Under no condition is there deception about (negative) aspects that might influence a participant’s willingness to participate. Other issues covered include sharing and utilizing data, offering inducements, minimizing evasiveness, and providing participants with information about the study. Note:Recently the use of animals in research has caused much concern and debate. While some people oppose subjecting animals to pain for research purposes, others point to the enormous gains in knowledge and reduction in human suffering that have resulted from such research. What do you think?

12. Wrap up • Ethical Questions- • You advertise that you are looking for people who will test a new type of mattress. You do not tell them that you will be videotaping them for a study on sleep behaviors. Is your deception ethical or unethical? Why? • You are a research psychologist. Two of your proposals have been accepted and you cannot complete the research on your own. You hire three research assistants who are college students. For one of the research projects you design a mail-in survey. Your research assistants are responsible for tabulating the results. From their tabulations, you make two hypotheses. Is it ethical for you to create hypotheses based on the tabulations of others? Explain.

13. Stanford Prison Experiment • http://www.prisonexp.org/psychology/1 • http://www.prisonexp.org/discussion.htm • http://www.prisonexp.org/pdf/rules.pdf