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Review of the course

Review of the course. Preparation for final. What is language?. Communication of thoughts and feelings through a system of arbitrary signals, such as voice sounds, gestures, or written symbols. Linguistic Knowledge vs. Linguistic Performance (competence). There’s a distinction between

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Review of the course

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  1. Review of the course Preparation for final

  2. What is language? • Communication of thoughts and feelings through a system of arbitrary signals, such as voice sounds, gestures, or written symbols.

  3. Linguistic Knowledge vs. Linguistic Performance (competence) • There’s a distinction between • What you know about “correct” and “incorrect” language • Your ability to always produce “correct” sentences.

  4. Animal Languages(?) A linguistic analysis

  5. Design features of language • Design feature 1: Semanticity: In human language the elements of the message have specific and fixed relation to real-world situations. A message must be understood in the same way by different receivers.

  6. Design features of language • Design feature 2: Displacement/freedom from stimulus: In human language it is possible to talk about events remote in time and place. • Design feature 3: Productivity: In human language, new messages can be produced from the elements of familiar messages; there is no fixed set of possible messages

  7. Design features of language • Design feature 4: Dual articulation/duality of patterning: In human language, sounds can go together to make up words, words can go together to make up sentences. (In sign language, there is something similar.) • Design feature 5: Discreteness: Human language uses a small set of discrete contrastive elements.

  8. Language and the brain Insights from Neurolinguistics

  9. Anatomy of the brain • What is a hemisphere, and what is modularity/localization? • Who are Paul Broca and Carl Wernicke, and what did they find out? • What is Aphasia? • What is the relationship between brain development and language development? • Who is Noam Chomsky, and what is his theory? • What is the critical age hypothesis? • Who is Genie and what does her case prove?

  10. What is Aphasia? • Neurological term for disorders that follow brain lesions caused by, for example, strokes. • Only on left side • Broca’s Aphasia • labored speech, word-finding pauses, disturbed word order, difficulties with function word ‘to’, ‘if’ • Wernicke’s Aphasia • fluently with good intonation & pronunciation but lexical errors: “Jargon aphasia”

  11. Morphology The study of the structure of words

  12. What are the building blocks in the formation of complex words? • Morphemes • The most elemental unit of a word • Morphology • Study of the internal structure; rules of word formation

  13. Prefixes & Suffixes • Prefixes are added to the beginning • Suffixes are added to the end • One morpheme act • Two morphemes act + ive • Three morphemes act + ive+ate • Four morphemes de + act+ ive+ate • More than four: Anti+dis+establish+ment+ari+an+ism

  14. Root morphemes vs. Affix morphemes • What’s a root morpheme? Note: -roots tend to be free and lexical -affixes tend to be bound and grammatical

  15. practice • Identify the roots in the following words. • kingdom _________________________ • interplanetary _________________________ • dimensional _________________________ • margins _________________________

  16. Overview of all discussed distinctions Morphemes bound free lexical -bound roots grammatical lexical (root) inflectional -eight suffixes derivational prefixes ex:-un suffixes ex: -ness

  17. practice For each of the following bound morphemes, determine whether it is derivational or inflectional and give two words in which it appears: example: -able: derivational bound morpheme eat-able; cod(e)-able • –ish • _____________ • _____________ _____________ • –en • _____________ • _____________ _____________ • ab– • _____________ • _____________ _____________ • –ed

  18. Word creation in English (Neologism) • Affixing • Adding affixes • Reducing Affixes (Backformation) • A new word created by removing an affix from an already existing word, as vacuum clean from vacuum cleaner, • Functional shift • Coined words • Acronyms • Borrowing • Blending

  19. Syntax An overview

  20. Phrases NP VP NP det adj N V det N The friendly person asked a question

  21. Diagramming a Sentence S NP VP NP det adj N V det N The friendly person asked a question

  22. Semantics The meaning of language

  23. Lexical Relationships • Synonyms • Antonyms • Homonyms (homophones) • Hyponymy • scarlet, vermilion, carmine, and crimson are all hyponyms of red (their hypernym), which is, in turn, a hyponym of color.

  24. practice • Give two semantic properties for each of the following words. Use correct notation. (10) • a) prostitute ______________________________________ • b) sailor ______________________________________ • c) mountain ______________________________________

  25. connotation and denotation • Denotation and ConnotationDenotation refers to the literal meaning of a word, the "dictionary definition."¨ For example, if you look up the word snake in a dictionary, you will discover that one of its denotative meanings is "any of numerous scaly, legless, sometimes venomous reptiles¡Khaving a long, tapering, cylindrical body and found in most tropical and temperate regions." • Connotation, on the other hand, refers to the associations that are connected to a certain word or the emotional suggestions related to that word. The connotative meanings of a word exist together with the denotative meanings. The connotations for the word snake could include evil or danger.

  26. Cohesive devices

  27. Phonetics: The Sounds of Language

  28. Consonants and their phonetic description • How are phonemes produced? • Consonants are produced by obstructing the flow of air as it passes from the lungs through the vocal tract. • When we describe a consonant, one of the features we use is its place of articulation. • The other feature is the manner of articulation.

  29. Place of articulation of English Consonants

  30. Manner of Articulation • Voiced and voiceless sounds • When the vocal cords are apart when speaking, air flows freely through the glottis. Sounds produced in this way are voiceless. • If the vocal cords are together, the airstream forces its way through and causes them to vibrate • Try it out: put your hand to your throat and produce a [z] sound as in “buzz”. Now do the same with [s] as in “bus”.

  31. Affricates,Liquids, and Glides • Affricates are produced by a stop which is followed immediately by gradual release of air. Stop + fricative = affricate • There are only two: [tʃ] and [dʒ] • Liquids • During the production of the sounds [l] and [r], there is no real obstruction of the airflow that causes friction. Hence, these sounds are not stops, fricatives or affricates. They are called liquids • Glides • Are not causing significant obstruction and are always followed by vowels. • [j] and [w]

  32. Vowels • Vowel Qualities • The placement of the body of the tongue: • Vertical: high – mid – low • Horizontal: front – central – back • The shape of the lips: • Rounded – Unrounded • The degree of the vocal tract contraction: • Tense – Lax

  33. practice Write the phonetic symbol for the final sound opposite __ knee __ Phetkasem __ chips __ welcome __ ugly __

  34. Introduction to Phonology The mental representation of sounds

  35. What is Phonology? • Phonology is concerned with the sound structure/patterns of languages. • What syntax is for grammar, phonology is for phonetics. • Knowledge of phonology determines how we pronounce morphemes depending on their context. Just as morphology has rules, phonology has its own rules.

  36. Phonetics vs. Phonology • both deal with speech sounds • phonetics: deals with physical properties of speech sounds • phonology: deals with the organization of speech sounds in a particular language • Which sounds are predictable? Which are unpredictable? • What context allows us to predict the occurrence of certain sounds? • Which sounds affect the meaning of words?

  37. Phonemes and Allophones • Phoneme: • class of speech sounds judged by native speakers to be the same sound. • a mental entity • E.g., The /t/ sounds in mitt, Tim, metal, mitten corresponds to one phoneme.

  38. Phonemes and Allophones • Allophone: • one of a set of non-distinctive realizations of the same phoneme. • Corresponds to something physical produced by a speaker • E.g., [th] and [t] are an allophone of /t/. • [p] and [ph] are allophones of the phoneme /p/.

  39. Contrastiveness • Two sounds are said to be noncontrastive if replacing one with the other does not result in a change of meaning. • E.g., aspirated and unaspirated stops are not contrastive in English • [tep] and [teph] mean the same thing

  40. Are [p] and [b] in contrastive distribution in English? • To answer this question, construct a minimal pair. • Minimal pair: two words that differ only by a single sound in the same position and have different meanings.

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