Chapter 13:2, 3, 4 European Middle Ages

1. Chapter 13:2, 3, 4European Middle Ages 500-1200

2. Section 2: Feudalism in Europe • Invaders from all sides further crumbled divided Carolingian empire • Vikings from Scandinavia (Norway, Sweden, Denmark) • Fearsome warriors • Lightning attacks • Longboats could sail in shallow water; swift, silent • Took slaves of women, kids; killed men; stole gold, silver • Explored vast regions; established trade • Christianity + warming trend = Vikings settled down

3. Other Invaders • Magyars (nomads from Hungary) • Invaded throughout Europe • Excellent horsemen • Took prisoners to sell as slaves • Muslims • Conquered and plundered southern Euro. • Raided settlements on water • All invaders struck fear in commoners in Europe—peasants sought protection from local rulers (thus feudalism began) as kings couldn’t provide protection for large areas

4. Feudalism • System of governing and landholding; rights and obligations • Made an insecure life more secure • Had already existed in other areas • Willing agreements btwn those in power; peasants got dragged along…………. • A lord (landowner) granted land (fief) to a vassal • Vassal would give military protection and other services in return for land

5. European Feudalism Hmmm… what am I? Those who prayed Those who fought Those who worked

6. The Manor (lord’s estate) I provide you protection, and food in times of famine, you owe your life to me—all 35 years of it! Relatively self-sufficient One-tenth of income is given to me The peasants taxes of grain get dropped off here, where I make flour for the lord—and everyone else. At least I’m not a serf—but I still am forced to work for the lord a few days each week. 15 – 30 families on the typical manor I’m a serf—bound to this land forever! Wheat, barley, oats, rye, veggies—onions, beans, beets, etc.

7. Section 3: The Age of Chivalry • By 1100s, code of conduct (chivalry) emerged for knights/lords who were constantly battling for power • Knights originally armored horsemen • Modeled after Muslim cavalry • Saddles + stirrups made this possible • Lords/Kings gave knights nice pieces of land  Knights made money off of land and could afford good armor, weapons, horses, etc. • Owed 40 days of combat each year • Practice through tournaments, hunting, etc.

8. A Knight’s Three Masters You shall be loyal, brave, and courteous. I must be brave when defending my three masters—so much to remember and do for this code of chivalry Troubadours made manor life and warfare sound sooooo romantic Page Squire Knight Viewed as weak and all- around inferior And everyone else in distress

9. Section 4: The Power of the Church • Church emerged as a powerful institution because lords always fighting (and no one getting the upper hand) • BUT, people began to question pope—esp. on political issues • Pope Gelasius suggests a sharing of power between emperors and church (pope) • However, no one can agree on line between church and state

10. The Medieval Church--Clergy Abbots here, too Administered the sacraments

11. Canon Law • The law of the church— “all” had to abide by it • Governed everything from daily behavior to marriage, religious practices, etc. • Punishments given to offenders (who were tried in church courts): • Excommunication (banishment from church) • Interdict (stoppage of sacraments in lands of a particular king)

12. Otto I • Ruled like Charlemagne • Close alliance with church • Gained support of bishops and abbots • Defeated German princes • Invaded Italy • Was crowned emperor of Holy Roman Empire by pope • Made Germany most powerful state in Europe  problems!!!

13. A map of Germany and Italy, 1250. After the destructive Magyar invasions, in the late 10th century Emperor Otto I laid the foundation of a more unified German government. His successors found it impossible to unite the many baronial factions until the Holy Roman Emperor Frederick 1, called Barbarossa or Red Beard, managed to control his feudal barons in the area shown in brown. However, he overstepped himself when he attempted to assert rights over the kingdom of Italy (purple). After six unsuccessful expeditions against the Italians between 1154 and 1188, he finally agreed to a treaty which recognized their independence but obligated them to make an annual payment to the emperor. His relationships with the Papal States (red) were always strained because the pope feared imperial interference. Frederick?s son, Henry VI, became King of Sicily (green) in 1194; the German emperors lost that kingdom in 1268.

14. Debate over Lay Investiture • Ceremony in which kings/emperors could appoint church officials • An especially hot topic • Could control who became bishops! • Pope Gregory VII banned it in 1075 • German emperor, Henry IV, met with bishops to order Gregory to step down • Gregory excommunicated Henry • Henry goes to Canossa (town in Italy) and begs forgiveness • Gregory kept Henry waiting in snow for 3 days, but forgave and reinstated him • Henry went home to punish those who didn’t “have his back” on the issue • Concordat of Worms (1122) • Church alone could appoint a bishop, but emperor could veto appointment

15. Frederick I (German emperor) • 1st to call lands “Holy Roman Empire” • But really a bunch of feudal territories • Dominated German princes, but chaos broke out whenever he left • Went to Italy often to invade • Italian merchants united against him (Lombard League); pope joins them! • Battle of Legnano (1176) • Crossbows for 1st time; Germans didn’t stand a chance • Fred made peace with pope; but lost power in Germany—Germany never had power and land base that French and English kings did