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South America's Culture Spheres: A Regional Overview

Explore the diverse cultural spheres in South America, from tropical plantations to European commercial areas, Amerindian subsistence regions, and transitional Mestizo zones. Learn about economic integration initiatives like MERCOSUR and the Andean Community, and urbanization trends shaping the continent's Latin American cities. Contrasts within South American cities, rich versus poor, offer a glimpse into the complex social fabric of this vibrant continent.

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South America's Culture Spheres: A Regional Overview

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  1. SOUTH AMERICA(CHAPTER 5

  2. REGIONS OF THE REALM • NORTH • COLOMBIA • VENEZUELA • GUYANA • SURINAME • FRENCH GUIANA BRAZIL • WEST • PERU • ECUADOR • BOLIVIA • SOUTH • ARGENTINA • CHILE • URUGUAY • PARAGUAY

  3. MAJOR GEOGRAPHIC QUALITIES • PHYSIOGRAPHY IS DOMINATED BY THE ANDES MOUNTAINS AND THE AMAZON BASIN. • POPULATION IS CONCENTRATED ALONG THE PERIPHERY. • CULTURAL PLURALISM EXISTS IN MOST COUNTRIES AND IS EXPRESSED REGIONALLY.

  4. PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT

  5. PRECIPITATION

  6. POPULATION CARTOGRAM Pg 253

  7. THE INCA EMPIRE • CULTURE HEARTH-INTERMONTANE BASIN AROUND CUZCO (1200-1535 A.D.) • ALTIPLANOSWERE KEY TO SETTLEMENT PATTERNS (ELONGATED BASINS IN THE HIGH ANDES). SEE PG 245. • 20 MILLION SUBJECTS AT ITS ZENITH • TRANSPORTATION NETWORKS AND INTEGRATION EFFORTS WERE MOST IMPRESSIVE. • A HIGHLY CENTRALIZED STATE

  8. INDIGENOUS PEOPLES & COLONIAL DOMAINS

  9. SOUTH AMERICA’S CULTURE SPHERES

  10. SOUTH AMERICA’S CULTURE SPHERES Tropical-plantation European-commercial Amerind-subsistence Mestizo-transitional Undifferentiated

  11. CULTURE SPHERES • Resembles Middle America’s Rimland • Locations, soils, & tropical climates favor plantation crops, especially sugar. • Initially relied on African slave labor Tropical-plantation

  12. CULTURE SPHERES • The most “Latin” part of South America • Includes the Pampas - temperate grasslands • Economically most advanced • Transportation networks and quality of life are excellent. European-commercial

  13. CULTURE SPHERES • Correlates with the former Inca Empire • Includes some of South America’s poorest areas • Subsistence agriculture must contend with difficult environmental challenges. Amerind-subsistence

  14. CULTURE SPHERES • Surrounds the Amerindian-subsistence region • A zone of mixture- culturally & agriculturally Mestizo-transitional

  15. CULTURE SPHERES • Characteristics are difficult to classify. • Sparsely populated • Isolation and lack of change- notable features • Development of Amazonia may prompt significant changes. Undifferentiated

  16. ECONOMIC INTEGRATION • Supranational Organizations: • MERCOSUR • LAUNCHED IN 1995 • INCLUDES BRAZIL, ARGENTINA, URUGUAY, AND PARAGUAY • ANDEAN COMMUNITY • INITIALLY FORMED IN 1969 (ANDEAN PACT) • RESTARTED IN 1995 • MEMBERS ARE VENEZUELA, COLOMBIA, PERU, ECUADOR, AND BOLIVIA

  17. ECONOMIC INTEGRATION(CONTINUED) • GROUP OF THREE (G-3) • FORMED IN 1995 • INCLUDES MEXICO, VENEZUELA, AND COLOMBIA • A FREE TRADE ASSOCIATION WHICH AIMED TO PHASE OUT ALL TARIFFS BY 2005 • NAFTA • LAUNCHED BY THE US, MEXICO, AND CANADA IN 1994 • SEEKING TO EXPAND INTO SOUTH AMERICA TO INCLUDE CHILE

  18. POLITICAL DIVISIONS

  19. URBANIZATION • THE MOVEMENT TO AND CLUSTERING OF PEOPLE IN TOWNS AND CITIES • THE PERCENTAGE OF A COUNTRY’S POPULATION LIVING IN CITIES • 79% - CONTINENT-WIDE IN SOUTH AMERICA (HIGHER THAN EUROPE’S 75%) • SOUTH AMERICA’S INCREASE BASED ON RATE OF “NATURAL INCREASE” ANDINTERNAL MIGRATION • THE “LATIN AMERICAN CITY” MODEL, PG 254. How does it differ from American (U.S.)?

  20. GENERALIZED MODEL OFTHE LATIN AMERICAN CITY Commercial/Industrial CBD Commercial Spine

  21. GENERALIZED MODEL OFTHE LATIN AMERICAN CITY Commercial/Industrial Elite Residential Sector CBD

  22. GENERALIZED MODEL OF THE LATIN AMERICAN CITY Commercial/Industrial Elite Residential Sector Zone of Maturity CBD

  23. GENERALIZED MODEL OFTHE LATIN AMERICAN CITY Commercial/Industrial Elite Residential Sector Zone of Maturity CBD Zone in Situ Accretion

  24. GENERALIZED MODEL OFTHE LATIN AMERICAN CITY Commercial/Industrial Elite Residential Sector Zone of Maturity CBD Zone in Situ Accretion Zone of peripheral squatter settlements

  25. GENERALIZED MODEL OFTHE LATIN AMERICAN CITY Commercial/Industrial Elite Residential Sector Disamenity Disamenity Zone of Maturity CBD Zone in Situ Accretion Zone of peripheral squatter settlements

  26. Contrasts within S/American cities – rich versus poor

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