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Warm Up. What is the medical term for skin?. To Botox or not to Botox? That is the question. Work in your group to complete the Botox activity Write in complete sentences! Your answers will be graded! . Closing: Granny’s going to a Botox party!.
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Warm Up What is the medical term for skin?
To Botox or not to Botox? That is the question • Work in your group to complete the Botox activity • Write in complete sentences! • Your answers will be graded!
Closing: Granny’s going to a Botox party! • Individually, write an email to your grandmother voicing your opinion of Botox • Then, describe two ways you can prevent wrinkles not including Botox!
Warm Up • What are the layers of the skin?
Notes: Body Membranes • Epithelial membranes—includes sheets of epithelial and connective tissue • Cutaneous membrane • Aka skin • Only dry membrane • Mucous membranes • Made up of epithelium tissue on loose connective tissue called lamina propria • Lines all body cavities that open to the exterior • Respiratory, digestive, and reproductive tracts secrete mucus for absorption/secretion • Urinary tract does not secrete mucus—bathed in urine
Notes: Body Membranes • Epithelial membranes (continued) • Serous membranes • Made up of epithelium tissue on areolar tissue • Lines body cavities that do not open to the exterior • Peritoneum—abdominal cavity • Pleura—lungs • Pericardium—heart • Contains outer parietal layer and inner visceral layer separated by lubricating serous fluid • Connective membranes • Synovial membranes • Areolar tissue • Line fibrous capsule between joints and produce lubricating synovial fluid
Notes: Skin • Functions • Protection from • Mechanical/chemical damage using fibrous keratin protein, fat cells, pain/pressure nerves • Bacteria using acidic skin secretions • UV light using melanin that shields DNA • Thermal damage using thermal receptors • Sweat glands and blood flow to capillaries results in heat loss • Reduction of blood flow to capillaries results in heat retention • Drying out using keratin • Excretes urea and uric acid in sweat • Converts cholesterol into vitamin D (for metabolism and growth) when exposed to sunlight
Group Work: Skin as a Coat Advertisement • Skin is like our own protective coat! • Working in pairs and using printer paper, markers, and colored pencils, create an advertisement for skin as if you were selling a new stylish coat • Address at least 5 functions of skin! • Be creative! • Be neat! It will be turned in and later hung on our walls!
Notes: Skin • Structure • Epidermis • Made up of stratified squamous epithelium • Contains fibrous keratin that hardens skin as well as immune cells (epidermal dendritic cells) and nerve cells (Merkel cells) • Avascular
Notes: Skin • 5 layers from deep to superficial: cells become flatter and more keratinized toward surface • Stratum corneum—actively dividing stem cells • Stratum spinosum • Stratum granulosum • Stratum lucidum—dead cells, only in palms of hands and soles of feet • Stratum basale—20-30 dead cell layers thick • Produces dandruff to feed dustmites • Shed 40 lbs of dead cells in a lifetime • Have new epidermis every month • Contains melanin pigment that allows for tanning and protects DNA from UV damage • Freckles and moles have high concentration of melanin
Notes: Skin • Dermis (your “hide”) • Made up of dense connective tissue • 2 layers from deep to superficial: • Reticular layer • High in collagen and elastic fibers, blood vessels, sweat and oil glands, hair follicles and roots, nerve cells • Papillary layer • Contain tops of blood vessels, nerve cells, and dermal papillae—extensions of dermis into epidermis • Form unique ridges on fingers and toes (fingerprints)
Warm Up • Do you think twins have identical fingerprints? Why do you think this? (Consider both fraternal and identical twins)
Twins and Fingerprints Identical twins generate a lot of curiosity. And a lot of misconceptions! Parents of multiples have probably not given a great deal of thought to their childrens' fingerprint patterns, but the general public has spent a lot of time wondering about this topic. So, do identical twins have identical fingerprints? The basic answer is NO. Identical -- or monozygotic -- twins form when a single fertilized egg splits in two after conception. Because they form from a single zygote, the two individuals will have the same genetic makeup. Their DNA is virtually indistinguishable. However, fingerprints are not an entirely genetic characteristic. Scientists love to use this topic as an example of the old "nature vs. nurture" debate. Fingerprinting, along with other physical characteristics, is an example of a phenotype -- meaning that it is determined by the interaction of an individual's genes and the developmental environment in the uterus. The ultimate shape of fingerprints are believed to be influenced by environmental factors during pregnancy, like nutrition, blood pressure, position in the womb and the growth rate of the fingers at the end of the first trimester. Thus, you will find similar patterns of whorls and ridges in the fingerprints of identical twins. But there will also be differences -- just as there are differences between the fingers on any individual's hands.
Warm Up • List 5 functions of your cutaneous membrane!
Notes: Skin • Hypodermis • Aka subcutaneous tissue • Made up of adipose tissue • Not part of skin! Just connects skin to organs • Also a shock absorber and insulates from extreme temperature
Check Point: Write at Bottom of Notes Sheet • Trifle is a dessert dish made from thick custard, fruit, sponge cake, fruit juice or jelly, and whipped cream. These ingredients are usually arranged in layers. • If you had to choose 3 ingredients to create a trifle that represented the layers of skin, which would you choose and why?
Notes: Appendages of Skin • Appendages of Skin • Hair and hair follicles • Originally for insulation, now not necessary other than shielding eyes (eyelashes and brows) and trapping particles (nose and ear hairs) • Hair follicles • Parts • Epidermal sheath—on inside, provides structure • Dermal sheath—on outside, provides blood vessels • Papilla—at bottom of hair follicle, provides blood supply to matrix • Matrix—sits above papilla, made of stratum basale, acts as growth zone • Arrectorpili—smooth muscle cells that connect hair follicle, when cold, pili contract and fair follicle is pulled upright
Notes: Appendages of Skin • Hair • More superficial=more keratinized=more dead • Three parts from least to most keratinized • Medulla--innermost • Cortex—middle layer • Cuticle—outer layer • When cuticle damaged=split ends • Hair Color • Determined by amount of melanin • Hair Texture • Determined by shape of hair shaft • Round=straight hair • Oval=wavy hair • Flat=curly hair
Notes: Appendages of Skin • Nails • Visible portion of nail—body of nail • Lunule—white crescent at proximal end of nail • Non-visible portion of nail—root • Nail bed—portion of stratum basale under body of nail • Nail matrix—proximal nail bed that is responsible for growth • Longer portion of nail=more keratinized=more dead • Nail folds—skin folds around body of nail • Lateral • Proximal—cuticle
Group Work • Label diagrams • Check for Understanding Questions • Will be turned in!
Warm Up • What are razor bumps?
Group Work • Label diagrams • Check for Understanding Questions • Will be turned in!
Notes: Appendages of Skin (continued) • Cutaneousglands—formed in stratum basale of epidermis, but reside in dermis • Sebaceous (oil) glands • Produce sebum (oil and cells) • Moistens skin and hair • Kills bacteria • Everywhere except palms and soles of feet • Sudoriferous (sweat) glands—2.5 million per person • Eccrine • Produces sweat (water, salts, wastes) mostly for heat regulation • Acidic to fight bacteria • Exits through pores all over body • Different from face “pores” that are actually hair follicle pores • Apocrine • Produces sweat during pain, stress, sexual foreplay • Exits through pores in armpits and genitals • Actually odorless until skin bacteria consume, releasing stench
Sweat Lab! • Follow the directions on your lab! • Will be turned in for a grade!
Warm Up • What does “skin flush” refer to? • What should you write if your dots are indistinguishable? • Infinity • What should you write if you have NO dots? • 0
Sweat Lab! • Follow the directions on your lab! • Will be turned in for a grade!
Warm Up • For centuries, people have undergone different procedures in order to modify their skin. Can you name some?
Notes: Skin Color • Skin Color • Determined by • Melanin—brown pigment in epidermis • Carotene—orange-yellow pigment in epidermis and hypodermis • Hemoglobin—red pigment that in RBCs in dermis • Changes in skin color: • Red: fever, hypertension, inflammation, allergic reaction, embarrassment • White: anemia, hypotension, fear • Yellow: liver disorder where bile is absorbed into bloodstream • Blue: cyanosis—hemoglobin is poorly oxygenated like in CHF, breathing disorders • Brown/Black: bruises! Blood has escapes vessels into tissues, need Vitamin C to help in synthesis of collagen
Notes: Skin Color • Tanning • Beds/booths—emit same UV light as sun, but at higher levels • DANGEROUS • Spray/airbrush—usually fatty acid DHA sprayed to produce chemical reaction with amino acids in skin, can also be stain • Not free of issues: inhale DHA or if use enough, soak into blood stream and cause health issues, skin reactions, asthma, stain clothes, smells • Lotions—stain • Skin reactions, stains clothes, smells
Activity: The History of Body Modification • Fill out your worksheet as you move around the room and read about the history of body modification
Closing • Did you learn anything today that surprised you?
Warm Up • Anyone know who this is?
Warm Up • How was yesterday? What did we get done?
Skin Issues • Scattered around the room are pictures of skin “issues.” Try to match the picture with the appropriate medical term. • Word bank: • 1st degree burn • 2nd degree burn • 3rd degree burn • Whiteheads • Blackheads • Boils • Seborrhea • Blisters • Athlete’s foot • Ringworm • Cold sores • Warts • Contact dermatitis • Impetigo • Psoriasis
Notes: Burns • Burns—cell death caused by heat, electricity, UV rays, or chemicals • Two life-threatening fears: • Infection • skin sterile for 24 hours • immune system depressed after 24 hours • after 24 hours bacteria and fungi multiply in flesh • Dehydration and electrolyte imbalance • Fluid seeps out of burned surfaces • Can lead to kidney failure and/or circulatory shock (dangerously low blood volume) • Replace fluid by estimating amount of skin burned • Rule of nines—9% of skin made up by 11 regions • Plus 1%--genitals
Notes: Burns • Degrees • 1st degree—affects epidermis • Red and swollen • Heals 2-3 days • EX: sunburn • 2nd degree—affects epidermis and upper dermis • Red, painful, blisters • Regeneration so no scarring • 3rd degree—affects epidermis and dermis • Gray or black, not painful because nerves destroyed • Regeneration not possible so skin graft • Surgically remove healthy skin from another area of body • Mesh skin to expand surface area • Staple meshed skin to burn site • Critical if >25% 2nd degree or >10% 3rd degree or 3rd degree burns of face, hands or feet • Burn of face increases possibility of burn of respiratory tract, which could lead to swelling and suffocation
Notes: Skin Issues • Acne • Oil blockage in oil glands • Whitehead—caused by oil blockage in oil gland • Blackhead—caused by oil blockage in oil gland that then dries and darkens • Boils • Bacterial infection of hair follicles and oil glands, causing large red bumps • Seborrhea • Flaky white to yellowish scales of oil on head or ears caused by overactive oil glands • Blisters • Occurs when friction causes epidermis and dermis to separate and fluid to accumulate in between • Athlete’s foot • Fungus causes itchy, red, peeling of area between toes • Ringworm • Fungus causes itchy, red, scaly patches that develops into a ring
Notes: Skin Issues • Cold sores • Fluid-filled stinging, itchy blisters around the mouth caused by herpes virus • Once exposed, virus lays dormant in body until activated by stress, illness, etc. • Wart • Skin growth caused by HPV • Contact dermatitis • Itchy, red, swelling of skin seen as an allergic reaction • EX: poison ivy • Decubitis ulcers (bedsores) • occur when prolonged pressure restricts blood supply, causing cell death • Impetigo • Highly contagious bacteria infection that causes pink, fluid-filled raised lesions that rupture and form a yellow crust • Common in elementary school students • Psoriasis • Overproduction of skin cells leads to itchy, burning red raised lesions covered with dry, silvery scales • Can be disfiguring • Thought to be autoimmune disease
Notes: Development of Skin • Baby—this skin so: • Vernixcaseosa—white, cheesy-looking substance produced by oil glands that protects baby’s skin in utero • Lanugo—hairy cloak fetuses develop in utero and lose shortly after birth • Also a characteristic of anorexia nervosa to retain heat • Milia—small white spots caused by accumulations of oil glands • Adolescent • Increase in oil gland production • Elderly • Hypodermis decreases • Cold intolerance • Oil gland production decreases • Dry skin • Thinning of skin/decreased elasticity • More susceptible to bruises and other injuries • Sagging
Skin Issues • Reclassify skin issues using notes!
