- Unit IV – Prevention Measures for Unintentional Introductions Hitchhikers, Stowaways, Contaminants

2. Global Invasive Species ProgrammeCape Town, South Africa - Unit IV – Prevention Measures for Unintentional IntroductionsHitchhikers, Stowaways, Contaminants Randy G. WestbrooksRebecca M. WestbrooksSteven Manning

3. Unit Objectives • Understand, discuss, and provide examples of IAS introductions by Commercial Shipping • Understand, discuss, and provide examples of Aircraft related IAS introductions • Understand and discuss break bulk shipments, intermodal containers, and other types of packaging as vectors of IAS

4. Unit Session Outline and Agenda • 1300-1330. Session 1. • Introduction of IAS through Commercial Shipping. • 1300-1400. Session 2. • Break Bulk Cargo and Intermodal Containers. • 1400-1430. Small Group Discussions. • 1430. Small Group Presentations. • 1500-1530. Break. • 1530-1545. Class Discussion - Unit 4 Lab Exercise • Visit to Dar es Salaam Airport (Wed. – 13 December). • 1545-1600. Review of Major Concepts in Unit IV. • 1600-1630. Unit Four Evaluation.

5. Introduction to Unintentional Introductions. • Hitchhikers, Stowaways, Contaminants – Organisms Transported by Accident or Chance • Border Clearance – First Line of Defense Against Unintentionally Introduced IAS Quarantine Significant Hitchhikers – AQIS – 1995-2000

6. Session 1. Unintentional Introductions Through Commercial Shipping.4.1.1. Ballast Water – Hull Fouling. • Natural Spread of Marine Organisms • Currents, Floating Logs, Debris • Natural Barriers to Spread of Marine Organisms • Temperature, Isolation of Continents • High Marine Diversity • Breach of Natural Barriers by Ocean Going Ships • Sailing Ships • Solid Ballast (Soil, Sand, Rocks) – Major IAS Pathway • Modern Ships • Water Ballast in Tanks • 3-5 Billion Tons Water/Yr. • 7,000 Aquatic Species Moved Annually

7. Cargo HoldEmpty Cargo HoldFull Unloading Cargo Loading Cargo Ballast Tanks Empty During Voyage Ballast Tanks FullDuring Voyage Loading Ballast Water at Source Port Discharging Ballast Water At Destination Port Ballast Water Exchange.

8. Four Major Threats to Oceans • Land Based Sources of Marine Pollution • Overuse of Marine Resources • Physical Alter and Destruction of Marine Habitats • Aquatic Nuisance Species • In Ballast Water • Hull Fouling Organisms

9. Empty Ballast Water Tank

10. - ANS Factoid - Between 1989-2000, control costs for zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) in the United States (introduced to the Great Lakes in ballast water from eastern Europe in the mid-1980s), was about $1 billion.

11. Caspian Sea 4.1.1.1. Case Study – American Comb Jelly in the Black and Caspian Seas. • 1990s – Depleted Plankton in Black Sea (Turkey) • Fisheries Collapsed • 1999 – Detected in the Caspian Sea (Russia, Iran) • Most Important Sturgeon Fishery

12. 4.1.1.3. Chinese Mitten Crab in CA. • Burrowing Crab (From China) • Introduction to USA • 1990s – San Francisco Bay, Delta • Ballast Water • Threat • Native Invertebrates – Fresh/Brackish Waters • Commercial Fishing and Shrimping Operations • Intermediate Host for Oriental Lung Fluke

13. Strategies for Minimizing Spread of ANS by Ballast Water. A. Mid-Ocean Exchange. B. Discharge Ballast at Dock While Loading Cargo. A. OR B. ?????

14. Strategies for Minimizing ANS in Ballast Water. • Mid-Ocean Ballast Exchange • In-Situ Biocides to Kill Organisms in Tanks • Ozone, Ultra-violet Light Treatments

15. 4.1.3. Plane and Ship Garbage. • Foot and Mouth Disease Outbreaks – Many Traced to Ship Garbage Fed to Livestock • Garbage on Ships and Planes from Foreign • Kept on Board • Incinerated

16. 4.2. Aircraft Related Introductions. • Major Pathway for Rapid Spread • 21 Hours – Raleigh, NC to Dar es Salaam, TNZ • Aerosol Treatments to Kill Hitchhiking Insects – • Mandatory upon Arrival in AUS

17. 4.2.1. Case Study – Brown Tree Snake in the South Pacific • BTS – Native to Papua New Guinea • 1947 – Spread to Guam; Postwar Construction Equipment • 1950s – Sighted Inland from Seaport • Late 1960s – Dispersed Throughout Island • Mid-1970s – Endemic Birds Found Declining • BTS – 13,000 per Square Mile • Extinctions • 2/3 Native Bats • 5/11 Native Lizards • 9/12 Native Birds • Electrical Outages • Spread in Wheel Wells of Aircraft • Hawaii, other Islands Guam Rail- 1965 – 50,000 Birds- 1985 – 50 Birds

19. Session 2 - Inspection of Break Bulk Cargo and Intermodal Containers.

20. 4.3.1. Inspection and Treatment of Break Bulk Cargo. • Offloaded from Ship on Pallets • Stored in Warehouses Until Released for Delivery • Inspection – Simple, Efficient • Tent Fumigation – If Necessary

21. Case Study – Snails on WWII Tanks from Portugal. • July, 1982 – Shipment of WWII Army Tanks from Portugal Imported Through Charleston, SC • All Tanks Infested with Snails • Dock Perimeter Salted • Tanks Fumigated with Methyl Bromide

22. 4.3.3. Intermodal Containers – Modern Shipping Wonder – Bane of Port Inspection. • ICs – Introduced in 1950s • Streamlined Global ‘Door to Door’ Shipping • Convenient – Loading Dock Inspection • Tailgate Inspection – Sometimes Totally Ineffective

23. 4.4. Commodity Packaging – as a Vector of IAS. • Solid Wood Packing – Primary Shipping Material of Choice • Threat – Insects and Plant Diseases • ISPM __ - IPPC Guidelines for Regulating Wood Packaging Material in International Trade. (2002). • Unprocessed Raw Wood • Pallets, Dunnage, Crating, Packing blocks, • Drums, Skids • Mandatory – Condition of Entry Treatments • Heat treatment, kiln drying, or chemical pressure impregnation • Minimum core temperature of 56oC (123oF) for a minimum of 30 minutes • Fumigation with methyl bromide

24. 4.4.1.2. Case Study: Extruded Wire Shipments from Ubisa, Spain – Charleston, S.C, 1981. • Origin – Ubisa, Spain • Mode of Entry: Containerized • Threat: Wood Bracing Infested with Wood Borers (Cerambycids) • Action: Fumigated with Methyl Bromide

25. 4.4.1.1. Case Study: Asian Longhorned Beetle in the United States – Contaminant of Solid Wood Packing. • Origin – China • Threat – Hardwood Trees • Maple, Horse Chestnut, Mulberry, Black Locust, Elm, Birch, Willow, Poplar, Green Ash • 1996 – New York City • 1998 – Chicago • Treatment – None • Trees Destroyed • Probably Mode of Entry • Untreated Raw Wood Packing

26. Major Concepts in Unit 4. • Means of conveyance can serve as IAS vectors. • 3-5 Billion tons of water; 7,000 species of aquatic organisms are moved around the world each Year. • Four greatest threats to Oceans – ANS, Marine Pollution, Over Use of Marine Resources, Destruction of Marine Habitat. • The most widely recommended strategy for minimizing the introduction of IAS in ballast water is mid-oceanic ballast exchange. • Over the past 150 years, numerous outbreaks of foot and mouth disease in several countries have been traced back to infected meat that was taken off ocean freighters at ports of entry around the world. • Cargo aircraft serve as a major vector for the spread of all types of IAS. Insects typically enter aircraft being loaded at random, but in greater numbers during the summer or rainy season.

27. Major Concepts in Unit 4, Contd. • Containerization helped to streamline the movement of cargo through ports of entry. However, it has seriously complicated the inspection of imported cargo for hitchhiking IAS. • Raw, unprocessed wood, the primary material of choice for use as a cargo packing material, is a high risk vector for spread of numerous types of insect pests (e.g., wood boring insects, and bark beetles. • (To be effective in addressing invasive species, you need to know what species are affected by IAS. • Targeted Education – Stevedores, Consignees, Final Users.

28. Unit 4 – Lab Exercise. 1. Port of Entry Inspection (e.g., Ship Hull, Ballast Water Sampling, Ship Hold, Dunnage, Aircraft, Break Bulk Cargo in Warehouse, Retrograde Military Vehicles for Soil Contamination and Snails, Container Inspection, Baggage Inspection, etc.). 2. Fill out the Following Port of Entry Inspection and Treatment Record.

30. Global Invasive Species ProgrammeCape Town, South Africa