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Chapter 15 Collecting Unstructured Data

Chapter 15 Collecting Unstructured Data. Types of Qualitative Self-Reports. Unstructured interviews Semistructured interviews Focus group interviews Joint interviews Life histories Oral histories. Types of Qualitative Self-Reports (cont’d). Critical incidents interviews

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Chapter 15 Collecting Unstructured Data

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  1. Chapter 15Collecting Unstructured Data

  2. Types of Qualitative Self-Reports • Unstructured interviews • Semistructured interviews • Focus group interviews • Joint interviews • Life histories • Oral histories

  3. Types of Qualitative Self-Reports (cont’d) • Critical incidents interviews • Diaries and journals • Think aloud method • Photo elicitation interviews • Self-report narratives on the Internet

  4. Preparing for Qualitative Interviews • Ensure that interviewers and respondents have a common vocabulary. • Develop and word questions to be asked; become familiar with questions. • Conduct a practice interview. • Decide how to present oneself to participants. • Decide on settings for data collection. • Obtain needed supplies.

  5. Conducting Qualitative Interviews • Take steps to “break the ice” to put participants at ease. • Share pertinent information about the study with participants. • Develop rapport to gain participants’ trust. • Listen intently to guide subsequent questioning.

  6. Conducting Qualitative Interviews (cont’d) • Probe for information as needed. • Be ready to handle emotionality. • Be prepared to manage crises (e.g., interruptions, equipment problems). • Achieve a positive closure.

  7. Observation in Qualitative and Quantitative Studies • Qualitative studies: Unstructured observation in naturalistic settings • Includes participant observation • Quantitative studies: Structured observation of prespecified behaviors

  8. Participant Role in Participant Observation • Primarily observation and active listening • Primarily observation with limited participation • Primarily participation with continued observation • Primary reflection and reconfirmation of findings with informants Leininger and McFarland (2006) Four-Phase Sequence:

  9. Getting Started in a Participant Observation Study • Getting an overview (e.g., a windshield survey) • Gaining entrée • Establishing rapport/developing trust

  10. Aspects That Can Be Observed in Participant Observation • Physical setting • Participants’ characteristics • Activities and interactions • Frequency and duration of events

  11. Aspects That Can Be Observed in Participant Observation • Precipitating factors leading to an event • Organization of the event • Intangible factors (e.g., what did not happen?)

  12. Spradley’s Levels of Observation During Ethnographic Fieldwork • Descriptive observation • Focused observation • Selective observation

  13. Observational Locations in Participant Observation • Single positioning: staying in one location • Multiple positioning: moving around the site to get different perspectives • Mobile positioning: following a single participant as he/she moves to different locations

  14. Methods of Recording Unstructured Observations • Log (field diary) • Field notes • Descriptive (observational) notes • Reflective notes: • Methodologic notes • Theoretical notes (or analytical notes) • Personal notes

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