Psychological Disorders Infographic

1. Psychological Disorders Infographic • Major Depressive Disorder • Bipolar Disorder

2. Wednesday, December 6 • What does somatoform mean? • The best ways modern ways to treat people with disorders are with medication and psychotherapy. Either through experience or the media, what does psychotherapy look like and how do you think it could help people? • Today’s topic: • Therapy: Psychoanalytic Theory • Upcoming Dates: • Homework: • You should have read pages 561-579 by today • Read pages 605-618 (Treatment of Disorders) by tomorrow • Read about Mood Disorders pages 579-589 by Friday • Read page 623-628 by Friday • Assessments: • Quiz Friday? • Presentations begin Monday • Test Friday, 12/15

3. Types of Therapy • Use depends on the problem:

4. Psychotherapy

5. Psychotherapies Psychoanalysis Humanistic Behavioral Cognitive Group Therapies

6. Psychoanalysis “Look into the depths of your own soul and learn first to know yourself, then you will understand why this illness was bound to come upon you and perhaps you will thenceforth avoid falling ill.” - Sigmund Freud

7. Psychoanalysis • Freud’s therapy techniques; Freud used the patient’s free associations, resistances, dreams, and transferences • The therapists would interpret them • Try to help patients gain insight into the unconscious origins and roots of their disorders and work through anxiety-ridden feelings

8. Psychoanalytic Methods • Free association – patients are invited to relate whatever comes into their minds during the therapy session, and not to censor their thoughts.  • Resistance – in psychoanalysis, the blocking from consciousness of anxiety-laden material • Hints that anxiety exists and you are defending against sensitive material

9. Psychoanalytic Methods • Patients disclose a great deal of personal information with the analysts • Particularly early childhood memories • Transference – in psychoanalysis, the patient’s transfer to the analysts of emotions linked with other relationships (such as love or hatred for a parent). • Patients can develop strong negative or positive feelings for the therapist, including dependency, mingled love and anger. • Example Session • What About Bob Trailer

10. Criticisms of Psychoanalysis • Interpretations cannot be proven or disproven; psychoanalysts say that psychoanalysis is therapy, not a science. • Time consuming – years long • Expensive – several sessions a week • Most therapists do not offer psychoanalysis except in France, Germany, Quebec, and New York City

11. Psychodynamic Therapy • Try to understand a patient’s current symptoms by focusing on themes across important relationships, including childhood experiences • Interpersonal therapy – a brief (12-16 sessions) variation of psychodynamic therapy • aims to help people gain insight into the roots of their difficulties but its goal is symptom relief in the here and now, not overall personality change • Useful in treating depression

12. Thursday, December 7 • What does it mean to dissociate? • What are some of the things that the psychoanalytic therapist would focus on in therapy? • Write a list of three positive things that happened in your day yesterday and tell how you contributed to it. • Today’s topic: • Therapy • Upcoming Dates: • Homework: • STUDY • Infographic assignment • Watch Crash Course videos • Read: • You should have read pages 561-579 and 605-618 by today • Tonight, read about Mood Disorders pages 579-589 • Tonight, read page 623-628 • Assessments: • Presentations begin Monday • Test Friday, 12/15

13. Behavioral Therapies

14. Behavioral Therapy • therapy that applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors • Common for treating phobias, sexual disorders • Believe that symptoms, like anxiety, are learned behaviors that can be replaced with constructive behaviors. • Behavioral therapists do not emphasize the mental root of a disorder as they assume that the problem behaviors are the problems.

15. Classical Conditioning • We learn various behaviors and emotions through classical conditioning; therefore maladaptive symptoms are examples of conditioned responses. • Ex: bed-wetting and alarm • Counterconditioning – a behavior therapy procedure that conditions new responses to stimuli that trigger unwanted behaviors, based on classical conditions. Includes exposure therapy and aversive conditioning. • Ex: a claustrophobic person fear elevations due to a learned aversion to enclosed spaces. A behavioral therapist could use counterconditioning by pairing the elevator with a relaxing response to displace the fear response.

16. Exposure Therapies • OCD Camp • Systematic desensitization – a type of counterconditioning that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli; commonly used to treat phobias. • People habituate to the things that once scared them so that with repeated exposure they become less anxious. • Ex: some airlines offer education and gradual exposure to simulated and actual air travel to ease the fear of flying. This can include touring an airport and a plane, including the cockpit, where the pilot can explain how the plane works.

17. Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy • an anxiety treatment that progressively exposes people to simulations of their greatest fears such as airplane flying, spiders, or public speaking. • When the anxiety-arousing stimulus is impossible, dangerous, or too expensive to recreate.

18. Aversive Conditioning • A type of counterconditioning that associates an unpleasant state (such as nausea) with an unwanted behavior (such as drinking alcohol or smoking) • Aims to induce negative feelings or an uncomfortable state  the reverse of systematic desensitization • Ex: to treat alcoholism, a person can drink appealing tasting and smelling drinks laced with a drug that induces nausea or vomiting. • Used in combination with other treatments.

19. Operant Conditioning • Behaviors are influenced by their consequences. • Behavior modification – reinforcing desired behaviors and withholding reinforcement or using punishment for undesired behaviors.

20. Critics of Behavior Modification • What happens when the reinforcement stops and the person has to interact with the real world? How do you make learned behaviors durable? • Behavior modification supporters say that rewards do not have to be external, but can be internal and practical, such as positive reinforcement in the form of social approval or internal satisfaction. • Is it right for one human to control another’s behavior? Is punishment unethical? • Behavior modification supporters say that some clients request the treatment and they understand the consequences. Plus, the control already exists by some form of reinforcement or punishment that maintains the destructive behaviors.

21. Humanistic Therapy

22. Humanistic Therapy • Emphasizes people’s inherent potential for self-fulfillment • Aim to boost self-fulfillment by helping people grow in self-awareness and self-acceptance through… • Focusing on the present and future more than the past • Conscious rather than unconscious thoughts • Taking responsibility for one’s feelings and actions, rather than blaming it on unconscious conflicts • Promoting growth instead of curing illness – “clients” rather than “patients” • Humanistic therapists emphasize accepting and understanding the client through unconditional positive regard

23. Client-Centered Therapy • a humanistic therapy, developed by Carl Rogers, in which the therapist uses techniques such as active listening within a genuine, accepting, empathetic environment to facilitate clients’ growth. • Focuses on the client’s perceptions rather than the therapist’s interpretations • Therapist listens, without judging or interpreting, and refrains from directing the client toward certain insights (nondirective therapy) • Therapists must demonstrate genuineness, acceptance, and empathy (according to Rogers, necessary for self-fulfillment)  clients feel unconditionally accepted

24. Active Listening • empathetic listening in which the listener echoes, restates, and clarifies; a feature of Rogers’ client-centered therapy • Needs to be nondirective and must not include therapists’ interpretations of client’s descriptions. • Hints to active listening: • Paraphrase – check your understanding by summarizing the speaker’s words in your own words. • Invite clarification – “What might be an example of that?” may encourage the speaker to say more. • Reflect feelings – “It sounds frustrating” might mirror what you’re sensing from the speaker’s body language and intensity.

25. With a neighbor… • Think of the last thing recently that: • Made you angry • Made you sad • Made you anxious/nervous • For 2-3 minutes, talk about the event and feelings. The active listener should: • Remain unbiased and nonjudgmental • Paraphrase statements • Ask for clarification • Reflect the feelings of the speaker with, “I understand” or “Yes, that would be frustrating” etc • Did you notice any differences when you were active listening compared to how you listen everyday?

26. Cognitive Therapy “Life does not consist mainly, or even largely, of facts and happenings. It consists mainly of the storm of thoughts that are forever blowing through one’s mind.” - Mark Twain

27. Cognitive Therapy • Cognitive therapies – therapy that teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking and acting based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions. • Try to change patterns of thinking.

28. Cognitive Therapy for Depression • Depressed people do not exhibit the self-serving bias common in nondepressed people. • Instead they attribute their failure to themselves and attribute their successes to external circumstances. • Cognitive therapists would try to change this thinking pattern. • Ex: write a list of every positive thing that happened in the day and tell how you contributed to it.  positive thinking exercises • Ex: saying positive things to yourself before an exam

29. Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy • a popular integrated therapy that combines cognitive therapy (changes in thinking) with behavior therapy (changing behaviors) • Seeks to make people aware of maladaptive thinking patterns and replace them with new ways of thinking, AND to practice the more positive approaches and behaviors as well. • Ex: OCD sufferers – changing thinking patterns concerning obsessive thoughts and changing behaviors concerning compulsions

30. Relative Effectiveness of Different Therapies Is there a “best” therapy?

31. Effective Therapy Depends on the Problem

32. Happy New Year!Tuesday, January 3 • Give an example of how behavioral therapy would work. • Name and describe 2 mood disorders. • What are some benefits to having therapy in a small group setting? • Today’s topic: • Therapy • Upcoming Dates: • Homework: • Post notesheets and presentations • Print off note sheets from group pages • You should have read pages 561-589 and 605-628 by today • Tonight! • Read about Schizophrenia • Assessments: • Presentations begin Monday • Test Friday, 12/15

34. Group and Family Therapies “The feeling of having shared in a common peril is one element in the powerful cement that binds us.” - Alcoholics Anonymous member

35. Group Therapy and Support Groups • Except for psychoanalytic therapies, these techniques can be used in therapist-led small groups. • Group therapy does not allow for the same degree of individual attention, but it is time and cost effective and has often been found no less effective than individual therapy. • The social context of group therapy often allows client to feel as if they are not alone in their problems. It can be a relief to find that others share your problems and feelings.

36. Family Therapy • therapy that treats the family as a system; views an individual’s unwanted behaviors as influenced by or directed at other family members; attempts to guide family members toward positive relationships and improved communication. • Help family members discover the role they play within their family’s social system and to open communication by discovering new ways of preventing or resolving conflicts.

37. When Should You Consider Therapy? • The APA suggests considering seeking a mental health profession if you display: • Feelings of hopelessness • Deep and lasting depression • Self-destructive behavior, such as drug or alcohol abuse • Disruptive fears • Sudden mood shifts • Thoughts of suicide • Compulsive rituals, such as hand washing • Sexual difficulties

38. Evaluating Psychotherapies “I love therapy! There’s nothing like talking to someone who has no emotional tie to your life.” – Eva Mendes “I tried therapy. This had never appealed to me. For me, it was a bit like a Chinese meal: very filing at the time, but then an hour later, you’re hungry again.” – Rod Stewart

39. Is Psychotherapy Effective? • Clients’ perspective… • Overwhelmingly – YES… but testimonials are biased because we are prone to selective and biased recall and to making judgments that confirm our beliefs. • People enter therapy when in a crisis. • Clients want to justify the worth of therapy, often through rationalization. • Clients generally speak kindly of their therapists, so that the experience doesn’t seem like a failure.

40. Is Psychotherapy Effective? • Clinicians’ perspective… • Overwhelmingly – YES, but testimonials are biased. • Clients justify entering psychotherapy due to their unhappiness, justify leaving psychotherapy by emphasizing their well-being. • Although treatments have varied widely, every generation of therapists view its own approach as the most enlightened and effective.

41. Outcome Research • Meta-analysis – a procedure for statistically combining the results of many different research studies • People who remain untreated often improve (2/3) • People who receive psychotherapy are more likely to improve. • People who receive psychological treatment spend less time and money later seeking other medical treatments, compared with those on the waiting list.

42. Relative Effectiveness • Therapy is most effective when the problem is clear-cut and specific. • Phobias or panic can hope for improvement. • Less-focused problems, such as depression and anxiety, usually benefit in the short-run but often relapse later. • Those who have chronic schizophrenia or who wish to change their personality are unlikely to benefit from psychotherapy alone.

43. Final Thoughts on Psychotherapy Similarities Culture and values When should you consider therapy?